Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41622960›Full record

ArticleAnnals of medicine2026

Association of SGLT2 inhibitors use with a lower risk of biliary diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study.

Ming Gao, Qiuyu Lin, Kaiyue Hu, Bei Zhong, Tingyi Zhu, Zheng Gong, Kaini Zhang, Xiaoli Chen, Xinyu Chen, Ying Zhang and 5 more

Abstract readMulticenter Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Annals of medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Ming GaoDepartment of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.ORCID 0000-0002-1152-5983
Qiuyu LinDepartment of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
Kaiyue HuDepartment of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
Bei ZhongDepartment of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
Tingyi ZhuDepartment of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
Zheng GongDepartment of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
Kaini ZhangDepartment of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
Xiaoli ChenDepartment of Ultrasound, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
Xinyu ChenDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
Ying ZhangDepartment of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
Yangyang LiDepartment of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
Shaowen TangDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
Dongming SuDepartment of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
Xiubin LiangDepartment of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
Yu LiuDepartment of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.ORCID 0000-0001-6012-5305

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases the risk of biliary diseases (BD). This study aimed to evaluate the association between sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) use andBD risk in T2DM patients, compared with sulfonylureas.

methodsWe conducted a multi-center retrospective cohort study using electronic health records from Nanjing Medical University (January 2017-September 2022). Adults aged 18-75 years with T2DM newly prescribed SGLT2i or sulfonylureas were included. Propensity score with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was applied to balance baseline covariates. Follow-up continued until BD onset, last visit, death, or study end. Cox proportional hazards models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) complemented by sensitivity analyses, time-stratified analyses and subgroup analyses. Metabolic and biliary biomarkers were also compared.

resultsA total of 1,901 T2DM patients were included (453 SGLT2i users and 1,448 sulfonylurea users). BD occurred in 24 SGLT2i users and in 188 sulfonylurea users. After IPTW adjustment, SGLT2i use was associated with a lower BD risk (HR 0.595, 95% CI 0.410-0.863,

conclusionSGLT2i use was associated with a lower BD risk in T2DM patients, particularly with long-term treatment and among high-risk subgroups. Improved biliary biomarkers paralleled this reduction, suggesting a potential link that warrants further study.

Indexed as

Biliary Tract DiseasesDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 InhibitorsAdolescentAdultAgedChinaFemaleHumansHypoglycemic AgentsMaleMiddle AgedProportional Hazards ModelsRetrospective StudiesRisk FactorsSulfonylurea CompoundsHypoglycemic AgentsSodium-Glucose Transporter 2 InhibitorsSulfonylurea CompoundsBiliary diseasescohort studysodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitorstype 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID41622960
PMCPMC12865853

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.