Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41623155›Full record

ArticleDiabetes, obesity & metabolism2026

Interactive online calculator for estimation of muscle and hepatic insulin sensitivity in adults with Type 1 diabetes using clinical and research biomarkers.

Andrzej S Januszewski, Jennifer R Snaith, Greg M Kowalski, Clinton R Bruce, D Jane Holmes-Walker, Alicia J Jenkins, Jerry R Greenfield

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

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0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Andrzej S JanuszewskiSydney Pharmacy School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0995-4524
Jennifer R SnaithDiabetes and Metabolism, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8559-8387
Greg M KowalskiInstitute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
Clinton R BruceInstitute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
D Jane Holmes-WalkerDepartment of Diabetes and Endocrinology Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.
Alicia J JenkinsDepartment of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
Jerry R GreenfieldDiabetes and Metabolism, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.

Funding

Diabetes Australia Research TrustNational Health and Medical Research CouncilSt Vincent's Clinic Foundation
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimsImpaired insulin sensitivity is an under-recognised risk in Type 1 diabetes but is challenging to measure with 'gold-standard' euglycaemic clamps. Adding stable-isotope glucose distinguishes hepatic and muscle insulin action (assessed by endogenous glucose production [EGP] and glucose infusion rate [GIR], respectively). We therefore searched for a blood-biomarker alternative.

methodsTwo-step clamps were conducted in 40 adults with Type 1 diabetes, participating in the INTIMET trial (INsulin resistance in Type 1 diabetes managed with METformin, ACTRN12619001440112). Participants were characterised with 33 baseline biomarkers.

resultsExhaustive search analyses derived a formula predicting an 'unfavourable GIR' (dichotomous variable: below median of 60.4 μmol/kg fat-free mass [FFM]/min) using: total daily insulin dose (TDI), fasting triglycerides (TGs), insulin-like growth factor 1 and aspartate aminotransferase levels (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) 0.97, p < 0.0001, R

conclusionsWe demonstrate that clinical and research biomarkers can be used to estimate tissue specific insulin sensitivity in adults with Type 1 diabetes.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1Insulin ResistanceLiverMuscle, SkeletalAdultBiomarkersBlood GlucoseFemaleGlucose Clamp TechniqueHumansHypoglycemic AgentsInsulinMaleMetforminMiddle AgedBiomarkersBlood GlucoseHypoglycemic AgentsInsulinMetformin

Identifiers

PMID41623155
PMCPMC12992206

What Socratic holds

Texttitle and abstract
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.