ArticleFrontiers in pharmacology2025
Near, far, wherever you are: phenotype-related variation in pharmacogenomic effect sizes across the psychiatric drug literature.
Article in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Pharmacogenomics is viewed as one route to understanding inter-individual variability in drug response. However, clinical uptake in psychiatry is slower than in other medical fields such as oncology, so assessing evidence for psychiatric genotype-drug pairs and understanding what influences the magnitude of these effects is essential. Methods: We performed a systematic search for studies investigating pharmacogenomic variation in the context of antipsychotic and antidepressant use. Outcomes varied, including those related to drug bioavailability ("proximal") or side effects, symptom severity, and other treatment outcomes ("distal"). We performed a meta-analysis, moderated by outcome type, to quantify the average pharmacogenomic effect size across proximal and distal outcomes and assess whether they differ significantly from one another. We developed a Pharmacogenomic (PGx) Effect Size Explorer for Psychiatric Drugs dashboard that allows users to explore the dataset and perform simplified meta-analyses, power calculations, and Bayesian shrinkage analyses based on drugs, enzymes, and outcomes of interest (see: https://locksk.shinyapps.io/pgx-effect-sizes/). Results: We analysed 2,102 standardised mean differences (SMDs) from 184 studies, finding evidence that pharmacogenomic effect sizes for proximal outcomes were significantly larger than distal (Δβ = -0.203 [95% CI -0.288 to -0.118], Discussion: We demonstrate that pharmacogenomic effect sizes are significantly larger for proximal outcomes related to pharmacokinetics than for distal outcomes related to efficacy and toxicity. Understanding how the biological mechanisms underlying different outcomes might impact pharmacogenomic effect sizes could help to inform participant recruitment for future psychiatric pharmacogenomic studies, alongside the development of pharmacogenomic guidelines for psychiatric medications.
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