ReviewPLoS biology2026
Knowledge gaps and research priorities to understand sex differences in immunity.
Review in PLoS biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Efficacy signals in a 12-week trial of clavulanic acid to decrease cocaine use.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Trial
- Exploring Risk Factors and Sex Differences in Colorectal Cancer: Insights from Current Evidence.Cells · 2026Review
- Life-course immunology: reframing sex differences in the immune system to better understand women's health.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- The Metabolic Calibration of Female Immune Plasticity: From X-Linked Vulnerability to Precision Metabotyping.Biology · 2026Review
- Grand challenges in sex differences in immunology: problems the field must solve before biological sex can guide clinical practice.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Filling the mechanistic and methodological gaps for predicting cytokine release syndrome in humans.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Vitamin D Level and Antibody Response to the BBIBP-CorV Vaccine in Pregnant Women.Journal of tropical medicine · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Differences in immunity in males and females throughout the life span manifest as differences in susceptibility to chronic diseases, infections, cancer, and responses to therapeutic interventions such as immunomodulatory drugs and vaccines. Sex steroids and sex chromosome-linked immune response genes have major roles in driving these differences, but the cells and signaling pathways governing these are disease-specific and often not known. Such knowledge is required to better understand sex differences in disease incidence and clinical course, and to provide treatments tailored to sex-divergent pathways underlying specific diseases. This Essay explores the major areas where further research is required to determine sex-differential mechanisms.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.