ArticleBMC musculoskeletal disorders2026
Development and validation of a nomogram prediction model for assessing cage subsidence risk following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion.
Article in BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveAt present, cage subsidence is the most prevalent hardware-related complication of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), which may affect postoperative spinal biomechanics and alignments. Presently, there is no established nomogram model for predicting subsidence based on preoperative parameters. Hence, our aim was to develop nomograms for predicting cage subsidence after ACDF.
methodsThe clinical data of 476 patients who underwent ACDF at our hospital from January 1, 2014, to June 30, 2023, were retrospectively analyzed. A nomogram prediction model was constructed using 238 patients in the training cohort, which was divided into the subsidence group and the non-subsidence group. Various parameters were recorded, such as age, gender, body mass index, smoking and drinking history, history of hypertension and diabetes, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, bone mineral density, visual analogue scale (VAS) score for arm and neck, Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, Neck Disability Index (NDI), Hounsfield Units (HU) of upper and lower vertebral bodies, Modic changes, cervical lordosis, intervertebral segmental height (ISH), functional spinal unit angle (FSUA), range of motion (ROM) for C2-C7, as well as the sagittal vertical axis (SVA) and T1 slope (T1S). Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors for developing nomograms. Finally, the predictive values of this model were validated in an external verification cohort consisting of another 238 patients.
resultsIn the training cohort, 23.95% (57 of 238 patients) had cage subsidence during an average follow-up of 23.31 ± 6.14 months. Multivariate logistic regression analysis results showed that bone mineral density (OR = 0.499, 95% CI 0.356-0.677), upper HU value (OR = 0.979, 95% CI 0.971-0.986), lower HU value (OR = 0.989, 95% CI 0.982-0.996), ISH (OR = 0.504, 95% CI 0.284-0.856), and T1 slope (OR = 0.877, 95% CI 0.821-0.933) were determined as independent risk factors for postoperative cage subsidence. The predictive model exhibited excellent performance in both the training cohort (AUC = 0.885, 95% CI 0.835-0.935) and the validation cohort (AUC = 0.914, 95% CI 0.873-0.955).
conclusionOur predictive model is set to become a valuable and convenient tool for clinical decision-making, enabling early prediction and timely intervention for cage subsidence after ACDF. Future prospective studies could incorporate our model in different clinical scenarios, thus reducing the burden on patients and healthcare resources.
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