Evidence mapPaperPMID 41630007Full record

ReviewMolecular cancer2026

Tumor microenvironment dynamics in gastric cancer pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance.

Zhenhua Lu, Qinnan Zhang, Jing Han, Jiafu Ji, Xiaofang Xing

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Molecular cancer, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Multi-omics exploration of hypoxia in gastric cancer.World journal of surgical oncology · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Zhenhua Lu *Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China.
Qinnan Zhang *Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China.
Jing Han *Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China.
Jiafu JiKey Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China. jijiafu@hsc.pku.edu.cn.
Xiaofang XingKey Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China. Xingxiaofang@bjmu.edu.cn.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Gastric cancer remains a significant global health challenge due to its high incidence and mortality, and limited treatment options in advanced stages. Notably, gastric cancer exhibits a complex tumor microenvironment (TME) with substantial cellular and spatial heterogeneity, which profoundly impacts disease pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance. Genetic mutations and chronic inflammation contribute to its development by promoting abnormal cell proliferation and creating an immunosuppressive TME. The TME comprises various cellular and acellular components—including tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, myeloid lineage cells such as tumor-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, extracellular matrix, and peripheral nerves—that interact with cancer cells, influencing tumor initiation, progression, immune evasion, and resistance to therapy. These elements modulate immune responses, remodel the extracellular matrix, and facilitate tumor growth and metastasis, thereby adding to the complexity of the TME. Moreover, the TME plays a critical role in therapeutic resistance through mechanisms involving angiogenesis, fibrosis, and metabolic reprogramming. Understanding the dynamic interactions within the TME offers opportunities to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Emerging approaches targeting the TME—including modulation of immune components, inhibition of fibrosis, normalization of angiogenesis, and disruption of metabolic pathways—hold promise in overcoming therapeutic resistance. Advances in technologies such as single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptomics further enhance our understanding of TME heterogeneity, paving the way for personalized medicine in gastric cancer treatment. This review summarized the current knowledge of the cellular and molecular composition of the TME of gastric cancer, its role in disease pathogenesis and therapy resistance, and explores potential therapeutic strategies targeting TME components.

Indexed as

Drug Resistance, NeoplasmStomach NeoplasmsTumor MicroenvironmentAnimalsHumansMetabolic ReprogrammingGastric cancerImmune evasionMetabolic reprogrammingTherapeutic resistanceTumor microenvironment

Identifiers

PMID41630007
PMCPMC12955345

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.