Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41630962›Full record

ArticleAmerican journal of preventive cardiology2026

Reproductive risk factors and prevalence of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome among young women.

Theresa Boyer, Allison W Peng, Michael Fang, Timothy Chow, Amelia S Wallace, Wendy Bennett, Erin D Michos, Chiadi E Ndumele, Elizabeth Selvin, Anum S Minhas

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in American journal of preventive cardiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Theresa BoyerDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore MD, USA.
Allison W PengDivision of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Michael FangDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore MD, USA.
Timothy ChowDivision of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Amelia S WallaceDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore MD, USA.
Wendy BennettDivision of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Erin D MichosDivision of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Chiadi E NdumeleDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore MD, USA.
Elizabeth SelvinDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore MD, USA.
Anum S MinhasDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore MD, USA.

Funding

CARDIOVASCULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY INSTITUTIONAL TRAININGT32HL007024 · NHLBI · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI Elizabeth Selvin · 1985 to 2026
$17.5M
Research and Mentoring in the Clinical Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 DiabetesK24HL152440 · NHLBI · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI SELVIN, ELIZABETH · 2020 to 2024
$612k
NHLBI NIH HHS K24 HL152440NHLBI NIH HHS T32 HL007024
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) syndrome provides a framework for early cardiometabolic and kidney dysfunction. While reproductive risk factors are associated with cardiovascular disease, their relationship to CKM syndrome stages remains unclear. We estimated CKM prevalence among reproductive-aged US women and evaluated associations with reproductive risk factors. Methods: Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2020), we included 3,917 non-pregnant women aged 20-49 years. Reproductive risk factors included early menarche (≤10 years), infertility, gestational diabetes, delivery of a large-for-gestational-age neonate, and grand multiparity (≥ 5 births). CKM stages were classified as stage 0 (no risk factors), stage 1 (excess or dysfunctional adiposity), stage 2 (metabolic risk factors or chronic kidney disease), stage 3 (subclinical cardiovascular disease), stage 4 (clinical cardiovascular disease). Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) for CKM stage ≥ 2 were estimated using Poisson regression accounting for sociodemographic and behavioral factors. Results: Approximately 34.7% (95% CI: 32.3, 37.1) of women reported at least one reproductive risk factor. Overall, 55.1% (95% CI: 52.9, 57.3) were classified as CKM stage ≥ 2. Women with reproductive risk factors were more likely to be in higher CKM stages. Significant associations with CKM stage ≥ 2 were observed for gestational diabetes (aPR, 1.25; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.39) and infertility (aPR, 1.14; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.26). Conclusion: CKM syndrome is highly prevalent among reproductive-aged women in the US. Histories of gestational diabetes and infertility were associated with higher CKM stages. Incorporating reproductive factors into clinical tools could support targeted prevention of CKM progression and future CVD.

Indexed as

Cardiometabolic healthCardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndromeGestational diabetesInfertilityReproductive historyWomen’s health

Identifiers

PMID41630962
PMCPMC12860920

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.