Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41634801›Full record

ArticleBMC psychology2026

Effects of gender differences and lifestyle factors on depression among Chinese children and adolescents.

Rong Liu, Qian Lyu, Xinyue Liu, Yaru Zou, Jiaxiu Liu, Yanjie Yu, Xinyu Zhou

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in BMC psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Rong LiuThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
Qian LyuDepartment of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, The university of Osaka, Osaka, Japan.
Xinyue LiuThird Veterans Hospital of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
Yaru ZouDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
Jiaxiu LiuCollege of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
Yanjie YuDepartment of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. yanjieyu@cqmu.edu.cn.
Xinyu ZhouDepartment of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. zhouxinyu@cqmu.edu.cn.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China 83371565STI2030-Major Projects 2022ZD0212900
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeThis study aims to investigate the variations in the prevalence of depressive symptoms among Chinese children and adolescents with different lifestyles, including Internet use, breakfast, exercise, sleep and homework, and to further explore the impact of gender on the relationship between lifestyles and depressive symptoms.

methodsThe cross-sectional study recruited school-based students (8–18 years) throughout Chongqing, China. The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC) was utilized to assess depressive symptoms. Lifestyle factors were assessed based on self-reported responses to specific questions about time or frequency. Binary logistic regression was employed to identify the factors significantly contributing to the prevalence of depressive symptoms. The analysis was stratified by gender.

resultsA total of 22,373 children and adolescents were recruited from February 2019 to December 2019, comprising 11,141 boys (49.80%) and 11,232 girls (50.20%). Among them, 2922 (13.06%) participants reported experiencing depressive symptoms, with a prevalence rate of 10.56% for boys and 15.54% for girls. The binary logistic regression analysis revealed that spending more than 2 h on the Internet, skipping breakfast, and spending more than 1.5 h on homework were risk factors for depressive symptoms. Conversely, exercising for 3 to 5 h and sleeping for 6 to 10 h were protective factors of depressive symptoms. Notably, gender-stratified analysis revealed that the associations between depressive symptoms and both Internet use and exercise were statistically significant only among girls.

conclusionsThe insights gained from this study may assist in raising awareness among families and schools about the need to focus on the lifestyles of children and adolescents, with special attention to gender interactions, when implementing preventive measures for depressive symptoms.

Indexed as

DepressionLife StyleAdolescentChildChinaCross-Sectional StudiesEast Asian PeopleExerciseFemaleHumansMalePrevalenceRisk FactorsSex FactorsAdolescentChildCross-sectional analysisDepressive symptomLifestyle

Identifiers

PMID41634801
PMCPMC12958536

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.