ArticlePain reports2026
Serum tumor necrosis factor-α levels in migraine: a registry for migraine (REFORM) study.
Article in Pain reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Association of Serum hs-CRP and TNF-α With Therapeutic Response to Erenumab for Migraine Prevention: A Registry for Migraine (REFORM) Study.European journal of neurology · 2026Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) has been implicated in neurobiologic mechanisms of migraine, yet its role across migraine subtypes remains insufficiently characterized. Objectives: To compare serum TNF-α levels in adults with migraine, including specific subgroups, and healthy controls (HCs). Methods: In this cross-sectional, single-center study, adults diagnosed with migraine and sex-matched HCs were enrolled. Blood was drawn once from the antecubital vein, and serum TNF-α concentrations were measured using an ultrasensitive immunoassay. The primary outcome was the difference in TNF-α levels between all participants with migraine and HCs. Secondary outcomes included comparisons across migraine subgroups by aura (with vs without aura), chronicity (episodic vs chronic), and headache status at sampling (ictal vs interictal), as well as between each subgroup and HCs. Analysis of covariance models were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, and other potential confounders. Results: In total, 633 participants with migraine and 154 sex-matched HCs provided eligible samples. No significant difference in serum TNF-α levels was observed between the overall migraine group and HCs ( Conclusions: Elevated TNF-α levels in migraine with aura suggest an inflammatory component unique to this subtype. These findings support the hypothesis that migraine aura might be linked to a persistent, low-grade inflammatory process.
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Registered trials
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