SynthesisFrontiers in immunology2025
Bio-boosting transplants: a systematic review on biopolymers in vascular composite allotransplantation.
Synthesis in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A systematic review of treatment strategies to combat acute and chronic rejection episodes in vascularized composite allotransplantation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Rewiring faces: advances and outcomes in facial nerve reconstruction after facial vascularized composite allotransplantation.Frontiers in surgery · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) joins skin, muscle, bone, nerve, and vessels into a single graft that is both highly immunogenic and mechanically complex. Biopolymers, natural or synthetic, can provide structural scaffolding, localized drug release, and immune modulation. Although widely explored in solid-organ transplantation, their utility in VCA is poorly defined. We therefore conducted a systematic review to consolidate current evidence and map translational priorities. Methods: Adhering to PRISMA 2020 and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251039845), we searched PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar through April 2025. Original studies evaluating biopolymers in any VCA-relevant setting ( Results: Eleven studies published between 2014 and 2024 fulfilled inclusion criteria. Collectively, they demonstrate that biopolymers, ranging from decellularized limb and auricular scaffolds to collagen-hydroxyapatite or polycaprolactone bone substitutes, hyaluronic-acid-functionalized vascular grafts, chitosan- or alginate-based drug-eluting coatings, and extracellular-matrix (ECM) sheets delivering cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4-immunoglobulin (CTLA4-Ig) with or without rapamycin, consistently enhance vascularization, support multi-tissue regeneration, and preserve mechanical integrity across diverse VCA models. Immunologically, polymer platforms bias host responses toward tolerance: in a murine hind-limb model, ECM combined with CTLA4-Ig and rapamycin extended graft survival to 72 days while promoting pro-regenerative macrophage polarization. Drug-delivery applications also proved effective; calcium-alginate coatings prolonged vancomycin release for up to 50 days Conclusion: Biopolymers emerge as potential adaptable platforms that merge mechanical support with finely tuned immune regulation in VCA. Successful translation will depend on tissue-specific material optimization, standardized immunological endpoints, and multicenter studies that replicate clinical complexity. Drawing on lessons from solid-organ transplantation and fostering collaboration among immunologists, biomaterial scientists, and surgeons will be pivotal to moving these technologies from bench to bedside in VCA.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.