ArticleJournal of managed care & specialty pharmacy2026
Beyond glycemic control: Sex differences shaping glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist utilization in the United States.
Article in Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundGlucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are a modern class of medications initially approved for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) but now also widely used for obesity. Although these drugs offer significant benefits for glycemic control, weight loss, and cardiorenal health, studies consistently show a pronounced sex difference in their use. However, there is a scarcity of studies addressing the factors responsible for these sex differences in GLP-1RA utilization in the United States.
objectiveTo examine time- and sex-specific factors associated with GLP-1RA utilization among US adults before and after the landmark approval of semaglutide for chronic weight management.
methodsWe analyzed data from the 2019-2022 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, a nationally representative survey of US adults (aged ≥18 years). GLP-1RA use was identified via prescription drug files. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests compared characteristics of GLP-1RA users by time and sex. Multivariable logistic regression models estimated associations between individual characteristics and GLP-1RA use, both overall and among time- and sex-stratified cohorts. Subgroup analysis was conducted in adults with T2DM.
resultsThe weighted prevalence of GLP-1RA use increased significantly from 6,158,326 (0.47%) in 2019-2020 to 10,410,021 (0.79%) in 2021-2022 (
conclusionsThis study confirms the increasing utilization of GLP-1RAs in the United States, particularly among women. Although type 2 diabetes remains the primary predictor of GLP-1RA use, obesity has emerged as a key associated factor, especially among women. The stronger associations observed in women with obesity and depression highlight the role of clinical and psychosocial factors, which underscores the need for sex-sensitive approaches in obesity and diabetes management.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.