Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41637073›Full record

SynthesisJAMA network open2026

Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion Programs in Health Care Institutions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Deena Fremont, Amos Buh, Claire Hoar-Stephens, Nandini Biyani, Shaafi Mahbub, Ria Singla, Muhammad Zameer, Phalone Mei Nsen, Rachel Kang, Rohan Kiska and 14 more

Abstract readSystematic ReviewMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in JAMA network open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

24 authors.

Deena FremontOttawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Amos BuhOttawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Claire Hoar-StephensOttawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Nandini BiyaniOttawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Shaafi MahbubOttawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Ria SinglaOttawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Muhammad ZameerOttawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Phalone Mei NsenMedical Daycare Unit, The Ottawa Hospital, Civic Campus, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Rachel KangOttawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Rohan KiskaOttawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Stephen G FungBruyère Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Marco SolmiOttawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Maya GibbOttawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Mekaylah ScottOttawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Maria SalmanOttawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Kathryn LeeOttawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Benjamin MiloneOttawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Gamal WafyOttawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Sarah SyedOttawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Shan DhaliwalOttawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Ayub AkbariOttawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Pierre A BrownOttawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Gregory L HundemerOttawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Manish M SoodOttawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Importance: Equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) initiatives are politically polarizing and increasingly adopted in the health care setting. Their broader impact across different health care career types, career stages, and various levels of education remains largely unknown. Objective: To assess EDI programs and their associated outcomes within health care institutions. Data Sources: A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) 2020-compliant systematic review searching PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and PsychINFO databases from January 2010 to December 2023. Study Selection: Two independent reviewers screened studies that assessed EDI programs or policies in health care institutions. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Programs were categorized based on reported outcomes, including participant satisfaction, increased awareness of EDI-related topics, increases in the proportion of underrepresented minority individuals within medical education or the health care workforce, and overall program impact. Odds ratios (ORs) were pooled using a random-effects model. Analyses followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses reporting guidelines. Analysis was conducted June 2025. Main Outcomes and Measures: Outcome measures included the proportion of diversity among the workforce, employee and patient satisfaction, and the proportion of employees recruited and retained after program implementation. Results: In total, 43 studies incorporating more than 15 000 individuals involved in EDI programs were included. Interventions were multifaceted, including 14 career advancement and training programs, 16 diversity representation programs, 11 academia and research support initiatives, and the growth of 2 pipeline programs. Furthermore, interventions demonstrated consistent improvement in EDI initiatives, with perceived benefit in promoting underrepresented minority populations. Findings from the meta-analysis of 2 studies showed that minority representation in competitive medical residencies increased after implementation of 2 EDI interventions (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.21-2.47). Among the 43 studies included in the Joanna Briggs Institute assessment of methodological quality, 7 (16.3%) were rated as high quality, 20 (46.5%) as moderate quality, and 16 (37.2%) as low quality. Conclusions and Relevance: In this systematic review and meta-analysis of EDI initiatives in health care institutions, programs were associated with an increased workforce diversity. These findings support the continued use of EDI initiatives to promote a more inclusive and equitable health care culture.

Indexed as

Health FacilitiesDiversity, Equity, InclusionHumansMinority GroupsWorkforce Diversity

Identifiers

PMID41637073
PMCPMC12873802

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.