Trial reportPloS one2026
Combined glycerol and sodium bicarbonate elicits improvements in fluid retention and blood buffering capacity.
Trial report in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Gastrointestinal Symptoms Associated With Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Protocols: A Systematic Review.European journal of sport science · 2026Pooled it
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionBackground: It is unclear whether hyperhydration induced via glycerol, sodium bicarbonate or a combination of the two is most effective. Aim: This study evaluated the effects of glycerol-, sodium bicarbonate-, and glycerol + sodium bicarbonate-induced hyperhydration on measures of fluid retention, blood buffering capacity, and gastrointestinal symptoms at rest, in comparison to a fluid-only control.
methodsEleven healthy participants (six male) completed four trials (randomised, crossover design). Treatments consisted of glycerol-(G) = 1.0 g·kg-1 body mass glycerol; sodium bicarbonate-(SB) = 0.3 g·kg-1 body mass sodium bicarbonate; and combined glycerol and sodium bicarbonate supplementation-(G + SB) = 1.0 g·kg-1 body mass glycerol + 0.3 g·kg-1 body mass sodium bicarbonate; and a fluid only control-(CON) = 25 mL·kg-1 body mass artificially sweetened water. At baseline and at 20 min intervals for 180 min, urine samples were collected and analysed for volume, colour, and specific gravity, and gastrointestinal symptoms and body mass were quantified. At 60 min intervals, capillary blood was analysed for pH, blood bicarbonate concentration and plasma volume change.
resultsCompared to CON, fluid retention was significantly higher with G + SB from 120-180 min, SB from 120-140 min, and G from 160-180 min (p < 0.05), and accumulated urine volume was significantly lower with G + SB from 100-180 min, SB from 120-180 min, and G from 140-180 min (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in fluid retention between G + SB, SB or G at any time point (p > 0.05). Compared to G and CON, blood pH and blood bicarbonate concentration was significantly higher with G + SB and SB from 60-180 min (p < 0.05).
conclusionsFluid retention improved in G, SB and G + SB compared to CON, although there were no additive effects with G + SB compared to SB or G. Buffering capacity was significantly higher with SB and G + SB compared to G and CON. Minimal GI symptoms were induced by G, SB, G + SB and CON.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.