Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41638869›Full record

ArticleJournal for immunotherapy of cancer2026

Tumor immune microenvironment facilitates resistance to KRAS G12C inhibitor sotorasib by altered PD-L1 expression.

Shougeng Liu, Yiting Jiang, Yudong Fu, Simeng Wang, Rao Fu, Minmin Gao, Yingxi Zhao, Sihong Chen, Yuan Yang, Weiming Yang and 5 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal for immunotherapy of cancer, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. KRAS G12C inhibitors in KRASFrontiers in immunology · 2026
    Pooled it
  2. Review
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Shougeng Liu *Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
Yiting Jiang *Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
Yudong FuDepartment of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
Simeng WangDepartment of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
Rao FuDepartment of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
Minmin GaoDepartment of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
Yingxi ZhaoDepartment of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
Sihong ChenDepartment of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
Yuan YangDepartment of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
Weiming YangDepartment of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
Lina JiaDepartment of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
Mingze QinKey Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
Xiaohui ZhangDepartment of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China lhwang@syphu.edu.cn elanorzhang@163.com cuiwei@syphu.edu.cn.
Wei CuiDepartment of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China lhwang@syphu.edu.cn elanorzhang@163.com cuiwei@syphu.edu.cn.
Lihui WangDepartment of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China lhwang@syphu.edu.cn elanorzhang@163.com cuiwei@syphu.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6538-0855

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAcquired resistance to KRAS G12C inhibitor sotorasib remains a critical challenge in non-small cell lung cancer treatment. A deeper, rational understanding of resistance mechanisms can enable the development of therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance.

methodsWe established a syngeneic resistant model after prolonged AMG-510 treatment in C57BL/6 mice. In addition, the in vitro co-culture model and multiple methods including flow cytometry and western blot were used to assess the changes of immune microenvironment during resistance. Finally, a serial combinatorial therapy strategy was applied in the resistant mouse model to evaluate its ability to reverse resistance.

resultsUpregulation of PD-L1 in

conclusionsThese results identify the PD-L1-driven immunosuppressive microenvironment as a key mediator of sotorasib resistance and propose PD-L1i as a synergistic strategy to overcome resistance, which warrants clinical exploration of sequential or combinatorial regimens.

Indexed as

B7-H1 AntigenDrug Resistance, NeoplasmLung NeoplasmsProto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)Tumor MicroenvironmentAnimalsCell Line, TumorHumansImmune Checkpoint InhibitorsMiceMice, Inbred C57BLB7-H1 AntigenCd274 protein, mouseImmune Checkpoint InhibitorsProto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)Immune Checkpoint InhibitorLung CancerT-LymphocytesToleranceTumor microenvironment - TME

Identifiers

PMID41638869
PMCPMC12878496

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.