Evidence mapPaperPMID 41639166Full record

Trial reportScientific reports2026

Ischemic preconditioning modulates iron metabolism, acute inflammatory and neurotrophic responses to anaerobic exercise in untrained individuals: a randomized controlled trial.

Paulina Brzezińska, Andrzej Kochanowicz, Andżelika Borkowska, Błażej Moskal, Katarzyna Grześkiewicz, Błażej Stankiewicz, Aleksandra Durzyńska, Magdalena Kochanowicz, Jarosław Hofman, Jędrzej Antosiewicz and 1 more

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
In one paragraph

Trial report in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Paulina BrzezińskaDepartment of Fundamentals of Physiotherapy, Laboratory of Kinesitherapy, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland.
Andrzej KochanowiczDepartment of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland. andrzej.kochanowicz@awf.gda.pl.
Andżelika BorkowskaDepartment of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
Błażej MoskalDepartment of Fundamentals of Physiotherapy, Laboratory of Kinesitherapy, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland.
Katarzyna GrześkiewiczDepartment of Fundamentals of Physiotherapy, Laboratory of Kinesitherapy, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland.
Błażej StankiewiczFaculty of Health Sciences and Physical Education, Department of Biomedical Basis of Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
Aleksandra DurzyńskaFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Lomza, Łomża, Poland.
Magdalena KochanowiczDepartment of Physiotherapy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
Jarosław HofmanDepartment of Geriatrics, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland.
Jędrzej AntosiewiczDepartment of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
Jan MieszkowskiDepartment of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland. jan.mieszkowski@awf.gda.pl.

Funding

Student Science Clubs Create Innovations" Grant Program from the Polish Minister of Science and Higher Education, Poland SKN/SP/602410/2024
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Exercise-induced inflammation has been shown to influence iron metabolism. Conversely, ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been proposed as a strategy to modulate post-exercise response, especially inflammation and neurotrophic factor secretion. In this study we analyzed the effects of a 14-days IPC intervention on the post-exercises changes of the selected Iron metabolism, inflammation and neurotrophic markers in the population of non-training healthy young man. Forty healthy, untrained young men voluntarily participated in this study and were randomly assigned to two groups: an IPC group (n = 20), which underwent a 14-day IPC intervention, and a placebo (SHAM) group (n = 20). Five participants from the IPC group and seven from the SHAM group did not complete the protocol and were excluded from the analyzes. Venous blood samples were collected at rest, immediately after and 2 h after the Wingate test. Selected inflammatory and neurotrophic markers were analyzed, including IL-6, IL-10, IL-15, LIF, BDNF, IGF-1, NGF, sAPPα, FSTL-1, and GDF-15. Additionally, serum levels of iron (Fe), hepcidin (Hpc), ferritin (Fer), erythroferrone (ERFE), and erythropoietin (EPO) were assessed. IPC increased resting ferritin (~ + 9%, p < 0.05), hepcidin (~ + 12%, p < 0.05), and erythroferrone (~ + 10%, p < 0.05) concentrations. The intervention also enhanced post-exercise IGF-1 (+ 8%, p = 0.03) and sAPPα (+ 10%, p = 0.04) release and reshaped cytokine profiles, with greater early elevations of GDF-15 and IL-15 (p < 0.05) and faster normalization of FSTL-1 within 2 h (p < 0.05). IPC further affected neurotrophic signaling, showing lower 2-h post-exercise BDNF levels (p < 0.05) and distinct IGF-1 kinetics (p < 0.01). Anaerobic performance remained unchanged (p > 0.05). Ischemic preconditioning induces coordinated alterations in iron metabolism and modulates inflammatory and neurotrophic responses to anaerobic exercise, without affecting physical performance in untrained individuals.

Indexed as

ExerciseInflammationIronIschemic PreconditioningNerve Growth FactorsAdultBiomarkersBrain-Derived Neurotrophic FactorHepcidinsHumansMaleYoung AdultBiomarkersBrain-Derived Neurotrophic FactorHepcidinsIronNerve Growth FactorsAnaerobic exerciseInflammationIron metabolismIschemic preconditioningMyokinesNeurotrophic factors

Identifiers

PMID41639166
PMCPMC12923908

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.