ArticleFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology2026
3D-printed shoe soles with structural properties towards reducing knee adduction moments during walking.
Article in Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Purpose: Lateral wedged insole (LWI) is a representative foot orthosis for the conservative management of knee osteoarthritis. However, recent research indicates the heterogeneity of LWIs' biomechanical effectiveness, indicating limitations in conventional LWI design and the need to develop new orthoses with improved effects. This study evaluated the efficacy of custom-designed 3D-printed shoe soles in reducing knee adduction moment (KAM), compared with conventional 5° LWIs. Methods: Shoe soles were 3D-printed with a gyroid infill structure to allow adjustable stiffness, generating a variable stiffness (VS) sole with lateral-medial stiffness differentiation, and a soft heel (SH) sole incorporating the same differentiation plus a soft heel. Twenty-one healthy adults performed gait assessments wearing control shoes with neutral insoles, control shoes with 5° LWIs, VS, or SH shoes. Kinematic data and ground reaction forces (GRFs) were captured. Gait parameters, joint kinematics and kinetics were analysed. Repeated measures ANOVA assessed footwear effects, and multiple linear regression identified key contributors to KAM variation. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: KAM varied significantly across footwear. SH shoes reduced 1st and 2nd peak KAMs by 10.5% ( Conclusion: 3D-printed soles reduced KAM variables more effectively than 5° LWIs, supporting their potential for biomechanically optimised footwear upon further assessments on individuals with knee osteoarthritis.
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