Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41644970›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Mixed-source introductions successfully enhance the genetic diversity of captive forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii).

Xianna Lan, Yichen Wang, Yixin Li, Haonan Zhang, Zhengwei Luo, Luyao Hai, Han Jiang, Yuhan Ma, Wangshan Zheng, Pengfei Luo and 3 more

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In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

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0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Xianna LanCollege of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, Haidian District, China.
Yichen WangCollege of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, Haidian District, China.
Yixin LiCollege of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, Haidian District, China.
Haonan ZhangCollege of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, Haidian District, China.
Zhengwei LuoCollege of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, Haidian District, China.
Luyao HaiCollege of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, Haidian District, China.
Han JiangCollege of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, Haidian District, China.
Yuhan MaCollege of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, Haidian District, China.
Wangshan ZhengCollege of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, Haidian District, China.
Pengfei LuoCollege of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, Haidian District, China.
Yu ZhangCollege of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, Haidian District, China.
Defu HuCollege of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, Haidian District, China. hudf@bjfu.edu.cn.
Xinghu QinCollege of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, Haidian District, China. qinxh@bjfu.edu.cn.

Funding

Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities BLX202323Key Technologies Research and Development Program 2023YFC3304000National Foreign Experts Program Y type Y20240104National Natural Science Foundation of China 32302353The National Foreign Experts Program S type S20240184
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Wild Forest musk deer (FMD) has been declining due to continuing poaching and habitat loss. Although captive breeding has increased population numbers, maintaining genetic diversity in these farmed populations has become increasingly urgent and challenging due to depleted wild stocks and loss of genetic diversity from inbreeding in captive populations. Using samples from 683 individuals, we assessed mitochondrial genetic diversity (ATP8-6, Cytb, control region [CR]), structure, and maternal lineage patterns in a newly established ex-situ population (BB; founded 2019 with 44 breeders) and its three founding source populations (PZH, TZL, GL) in western China. Our results demonstrate that the ex-situ population maintains higher nucleotide diversity (π) in ATP8-6 and Cytb than its source populations, while exhibiting comparable haplotype diversity (Hd). Phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses identified three maternal lineages across populations, with the ex-situ population containing representatives of all lineages and showing significant genetic differentiation from at least some founder groups, indicating the mixed-source introduction strategy successfully created a genetically distinct population. Neutrality tests and mismatch distributions suggested historical bottlenecks in baseline populations, whereas the ex-situ population showed signatures of recent admixture and expansion. These findings highlight the potential benefits of mixed-source introductions in enhancing genetic diversity during ex-situ conservation. We recommend long-term genetic monitoring and in-depth analysis of population history to refine translocation strategies and support the long-term viability of FMD under managed care.

Indexed as

DeerGenetic VariationAnimalsBreedingChinaConservation of Natural ResourcesDNA, MitochondrialForestsGenetics, PopulationHaplotypesPhylogenyDNA, MitochondrialConservation geneticsFounder populationMixed-source introductionMoschus berezovskiiMtDNA

Identifiers

PMID41644970
PMCPMC12923663

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.