ArticleScientific reports2026
Aniracetam restores the excitation-inhibition balance of neurotransmitters in the prefrontal cortex of mice with ADHD.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood and a common chronic condition among school-aged children. However, the pharmacological mechanisms and pathophysiology of ADHD remain incompletely elucidated. Transmembrane α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor regulatory protein γ-8 (TARP γ-8, also known as calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit γ8) functions as an auxiliary subunit of AMPA receptors. Previous studies suggest that mice lacking the TARP γ-8 protein may display hyperactivity, impulsivity, and memory deficits, which are hallmarks of ADHD. The nootropic compound aniracetam effectively mitigates ADHD-like symptoms, including hyperactivity, impulsivity, anxiety, cognitive deficits, and memory impairment, observed in adolescent TARP γ-8 knockout (KO) mice. This investigation explored the therapeutic potential of aniracetam and its underlying molecular mechanisms using TARP γ-8 KO mice as an ADHD model. Through cerebral microdialysis coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis, we identified perturbations in neurotransmitter metabolism in the ADHD model of TARP γ-8 KO mice. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was employed to detect alterations in the expression of key receptor and transporter genes. The results indicate that aniracetam can alleviate ADHD-related behavioral deficits by modulating the excitatory-inhibitory neurotransmitter systems through the modulation of glutamate receptor, γ-Aminobutyric Acid receptor, and monoamine neurotransmitter transporter expression. These findings in a TARP γ-8-deficient ADHD model support further investigation into aniracetam as a potential therapeutic intervention for ADHD, providing novel molecular targets and a theoretical framework for the pharmacological management of ADHD.
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