ArticleDrug delivery and translational research2026
Technical pen-based printhead for high-precision microdosing of personalized therapies.
Article in Drug delivery and translational research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Additive manufacturing offers unprecedented opportunities for personalized medicine, but most pharmaceutical printing platforms are optimized for milligram-range doses, limiting their suitability for microdosing. This work introduces a novel liquid deposition approach using a modified technical pen integrated into a pharmaceutical printer. The gravity-driven mechanism enabled precise microscale dispensing without external thermal, pneumatic, or electrical inputs, which have been associated with molecular stress in other printing technologies. Desmopressin, a potent synthetic hormone indicated for diabetes insipidus and requiring ultra-low doses, was selected as a model compound. Oral films (2 × 4 cm) containing therapeutically relevant doses (33-134 µg) were produced by depositing up to four layers of pharmaceutical ink. A custom-developed software interface allowed precise control of key process parameters, supporting reproducibility and automated workflows. The system achieved ~ 100% dose accuracy, with a strong correlation between drug content and layer number. Films exhibited rapid disintegration and immediate release. Stability testing showed no drug degradation over one month. Unlike more complex printing platforms, the technical printhead architecture offered straightforward manipulation and rapid setup. Given the constant ink flow rate and low, consistent, deposition volumes, only 1 mL of formulation is sufficient to produce up to 238 single-layer 2 × 4 cm films. These findings position the technical pen-based printhead as a promising, precise, and cost-effective addition to the additive manufacturing landscape, with strong potential for low-dose personalized pharmaceutical applications, including biologics. Moreover, its performance underscores the potential for further optimization and broader application.
Indexed as
Identifiers
41652175What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.