Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41658429›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of clinical and experimental pathology2026

Swimming exercise reversed the loss of grip strength, muscle cross-sectional area and trabecular bone volume among type 1 diabetic rats independent of insulin therapy.

Xinlu Li, Yiqun Xiao, Yuming Zheng, Yurui Ye, Chenyi Dong, Yihan Zhu, Yuxuan Du, Ren Cai, Zun Wang, Jiajia Qian

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In one paragraph

Article in International journal of clinical and experimental pathology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Xinlu LiRehabilitation Therapy Department, The Acupuncture and Moxibustion School of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
Yiqun XiaoRehabilitation Therapy Department, The Acupuncture and Moxibustion School of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
Yuming ZhengRehabilitation Therapy Department, The Acupuncture and Moxibustion School of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
Yurui YeRehabilitation Therapy Department, The Acupuncture and Moxibustion School of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
Chenyi DongRehabilitation Therapy Department, The Acupuncture and Moxibustion School of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
Yihan ZhuRehabilitation Therapy Department, The Acupuncture and Moxibustion School of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
Yuxuan DuRehabilitation Therapy Department, The Acupuncture and Moxibustion School of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
Ren CaiThe Sports Department of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
Zun WangRehabilitation Therapy Department, The Acupuncture and Moxibustion School of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
Jiajia QianRehabilitation Therapy Department, The Acupuncture and Moxibustion School of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThis study was designed to test the therapeutic effect of swimming exercise on grip strength, muscle cross-section of quadriceps, and trabecular bone volume of the femur among STZ-induced type 1 diabetic rats, independent of insulin therapy.

methodsSprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: control group (CON), diabetes mellitus group (DM), and diabetes mellitus plus exercise group (DM+EX). Type 1 Diabetes was established with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg body weight). The DM+EX group received progressive swimming exercise five days a week for 12 weeks.

resultsBoth the DM and DM+Ex groups displayed hyperglycemia, with no statistically significant difference in blood glucose levels observed between these two groups. Compared to the control group (CON), the DM group demonstrated significant reductions in grip strength and quadriceps cross-sectional area (P<0.05), which was reversed by swimming exercise (P<0.05). Micro-CT analysis of the femoral bone revealed that the DM group had significantly lower BV/TV and Tb.N, compared with the CON group (P<0.05), while exhibiting a significant increase in trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp). In contrast, the DM+Ex group showed significant increases in BV/TV (P<0.01) and Tb.N (P<0.01) compared to the DM group, along with a significant decrease in Tb.Sp (P<0.001).

conclusionSwimming exercise may reverse the loss of grip strength, muscle cross-sectional area, and trabecular bone volume in STZ-induced type 1 diabetic rats - independent of insulin therapy.

Indexed as

diabetesgrip strengthmuscle cross-sectional areaSwimming exercisetrabecular bone volume

Identifiers

PMID41658429
PMCPMC12877334

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.