Evidence mapPaperPMID 41660415Full record

SynthesisFrontiers in nutrition2026

The dose

Xiaomeng Hu, Kaiyang Wang, Xing Ji, Xinwei Wang, Peiyan Bai, Kailin Huang, Aimei Lu, Jingen Li, Huanlin Wu

Abstract readSystematic Review
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Frontiers in nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Xiaomeng Hu *Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
Kaiyang Wang *Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
Xing JiDongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
Xinwei WangDongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
Peiyan BaiDongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
Kailin HuangDongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
Aimei LuDongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
Jingen LiDongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
Huanlin WuDongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background and aims: The dose-response relationship between dairy product intake and mortality from all-causes and cardiovascular mortality remains controversial. While dairy products are key sources of essential nutrients, their health effects appear highly heterogeneous, varying by product type, fat content, and processing methods. For example, some studies suggest whole milk increases mortality risk compared to low-fat milk, while other expert reviews from the same year conclude that dairy's link to CVD risk is neutral regardless of fat content. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to clarify this association by examining different dairy categories. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase up to June 19, 2025, for prospective cohort studies in healthy adults that reported risk estimates for the association between dairy intake and all-cause or cardiovascular mortality. Linear and restricted cubic spline models were used for dose-response analysis. From 4,797 retrieved articles, 29 prospective cohort studies involving 1,680,651 participants were included. Results and conclusions: Our findings indicate that yogurt consumption (200 g/day) was associated with a reduced risk of both all-cause (HR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.83, 0.96) and cardiovascular mortality (HR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.83, 0.95). Cheese intake (15 g/day) was linked to a lower risk of CVD mortality only (HR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.91, 0.99). Milk consumption (200 g/day) was associated with reduced CVD mortality in the non-sex-stratified group (the 7 studies) (HR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.75, 0.98). Total dairy intake showed a U-shaped association with both mortality outcomes, with an optimal intake of approximately 250-300 g/day. These results highlight that the health effects of dairy are dependent on the specific product type and dose. Fermented dairy products, particularly yogurt, appear to be more beneficial. Our findings do not support the generalized conclusion that all dairy products uniformly protect against mortality, emphasizing the need for more nuanced dietary recommendations. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251067824 Identifier: CRD420251067824.

Indexed as

all-cause mortalitycardiovascular mortalitydairy productsdose-response relationshipmeta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

Identifiers

PMID41660415
PMCPMC12873575

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.