Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41663964›Full record

ArticleBMC infectious diseases2026

Clinical epidemiology and risk factors of herpes zoster in Türkiye: a decade-long, multicenter retrospective cohort study.

Işıl Deniz Alıravcı, Selma Tosun, Nagehan Didem Sarı, Hande Berk Cam, Emre Bayhan, Nurgül Ceran, Müge Toygar Deniz, Nefise Öztoprak Çuvalcı, Serpil Erol, Derya Seyman and 17 more

Abstract readMulticenter Study
In one paragraph

Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

27 authors.

Işıl Deniz AlıravcıDepartment of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Medicine, Çanakkale, Türkiye. isildeniz.aliravci@comu.edu.tr.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4740-1579
Selma TosunIzmir Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic, University of Health Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye.
Nagehan Didem SarıInfectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye.
Hande Berk CamInfectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic, University of Health Sciences, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Türkiye.
Emre BayhanInfectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic, Adıyaman Training and Research Hospital, Adıyaman, Türkiye.
Nurgül CeranInfectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic, University of Health Sciences, Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye.
Müge Toygar DenizFaculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Türkiye.
Nefise Öztoprak ÇuvalcıInfectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic, University of Health Sciences, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Türkiye.
Serpil ErolInfectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic, University of Health Sciences, Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye.
Derya SeymanInfectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic, University of Health Sciences, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Türkiye.
Ayşe Deniz YükselInfectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic, University of Health Sciences, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye.
Mediha KaplanInfectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic, University of Health Sciences, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Türkiye.
Beyza Arpacı SaylarFamily Medicine, Başkent University Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye.
Ahmet ŞahinGaziantep Dr. Ersin Arslan Training and Research Hospital, Infectious Diseases Clinic, Gaziantep, Türkiye.
Fatma Yilmaz KaradağInfectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic, University of Health Sciences Sancaktepe Şehit Prof. Dr. İlhan Varank Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye.
Rasih İmran TanInfectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic, University of Health Sciences, Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye.
Sevil ÖztaşDepartment of Medical Services and Techniques, Karabük University School of Health Services, Karabük, Türkiye.
Şenol ÇomoğluUniversity of Health Sciences, Ümraniye Training and Research Hospital, Infectious Diseases Clinic, Istanbul, Türkiye.
Ayşe İnciUniversity of Health Sciences, Sultan II. Abdulhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, Infectious Diseases Clinic, Istanbul, Türkiye.
Emine Çelik TellioğluInfectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic, University of Health Sciences, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye.
İrem Aşkın YılmazIzmir Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic, University of Health Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye.
İrem ÇiftçiIzmir Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic, University of Health Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye.
Şebnem ÇalıkIzmir Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic, University of Health Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye.
Zeynep Türe YücePrivate Gürlife Hospital, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic, Eskişehir, Türkiye.
İlyas DökmetaşInfectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic, University of Health Sciences, Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye.
Rasih FelekFaculty of Dentistry Hospital Central Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye.
Ayşe Esra KokuUniversity of Health Sciences, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Dermatology Clinic, Istanbul, Türkiye.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundHerpes zoster (HZ) results from the reactivation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in dorsal root ganglia, often triggered by immune decline. This multicenter study aimed to describe the frequency, clinical and demographic characteristics, and risk factors of HZ in Türkiye to inform clinical management and prevention strategies.

methodsThis retrospective analysis was conducted on 503 patients diagnosed with HZ between 2014 and 2024 across 17 hospitals in nine Turkish provinces. Data included demographics, comorbidities, immunosuppressive therapy, dermatomal involvement, rash duration, antiviral treatment, and vaccination status. Descriptive statistics were applied.

resultsA total of 503 patients were included in the study. Of these, 281 (55.9%) were female including 10 pregnant women (3.5%) and 222 (44.1%) were male, with a mean age of 59 ± 16 years (range: 20–101). Sixty-one patients (12.1%) were using immunosuppressive drugs during the zoster episode, and 324 (64.4%) had comorbid diseases. Strikingly, only one patient (0.2%) had received the zoster vaccine, highlighting a critical gap in preventive medicine. While 246 (48.9%) patients had a history of chickenpox during childhood, 11 (2.2%) had experienced more than one episode of zoster previously. Forty-three (8.6%) patients had multiple dermatome involvement, while 459 (91.4%) had single dermatome involvement. The distribution of dermatome involvement in order of frequency was as follows: thoracic (n = 256, 50.9%), lumbar (n = 110, 21.9%), sacral (n = 51, 10.1%), trigeminal (n = 100, 19.9%), cervical (n = 16, 3.2%), and periorbital (n = 16, 3.2%). The mean duration of rash was 15.1 days for all patients, while this duration was 15.3 days in those with comorbidities, 18.6 days in patients using immunosuppressive drugs, and 17.2 days in pregnant women. The antivirals used in treatment were valacyclovir (n = 310, 61.6%), acyclovir (n = 145, 28.8%), and brivudine (n = 18, 3.6%). The duration of rash was 14.6 days in those treated with valacyclovir, 16.1 days in those treated with brivudine, and 17.0 days in those treated with acyclovir.

conclusionHZ is a disease whose frequency increases particularly with advancing age, and careful management is required especially in patients with comorbidities, pregnant women, and those receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Identifying and informing individuals in risk groups, raising their awareness. The near-total absence of vaccination in our cohort underscores the urgent need for national health policies to improve vaccine accessibility.

Indexed as

Herpes ZosterAdultAgedAged, 80 and overAntiviral AgentsFemaleHerpesvirus 3, HumanHumansImmunosuppressive AgentsMaleMiddle AgedPregnancyRetrospective StudiesRisk FactorsTurkeyYoung AdultAntiviral AgentsImmunosuppressive AgentsEpidemiologyHerpes zosterImmunosuppressionPostherpetic neuralgiaZoster vaccine

Identifiers

PMID41663964
PMCPMC12983880

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.