Evidence mapPaperPMID 41663989Full record

ArticleBMC anesthesiology2026

Age-specific hemodynamic profiles during pediatric anesthesia induction: a prospective study using carotid artery auto doppler flow technology.

Kexin Zhong, Xuqing Lai, Jiaying Zhang, Xien Yang, Zhouzhou Zheng, Guozhu Liao, Na Zhang, Yingyi Xu

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in BMC anesthesiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Kexin ZhongDepartment of Anaesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China.
Xuqing LaiDepartment of Anaesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China.
Jiaying ZhangDepartment of Anaesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China.
Xien YangPaediatrics School, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
Zhouzhou ZhengDepartment of Anaesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China.
Guozhu LiaoDepartment of Anaesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China.
Na ZhangDepartment of Anaesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China. na999666@163.com.
Yingyi XuDepartment of Anaesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China. xuyingyi@gzhmu.edu.cn.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPerioperative hemodynamic monitoring is essential for maintaining cardiovascular stability, fluid optimization, and complication prevention. Children differ physiologically from adults, with smaller vascular calibers, immature autonomic regulation, and higher resting heart rates. Yet, age-specific descriptive hemodynamic data, especially during preoperative and peri-induction periods, remain lacking, hindering recognition of abnormal changes and tailored management.

methodsWe prospectively enrolled 819 children aged 1–9 years undergoing elective non-cardiac surgery. Hemodynamic parameters were measured using the CADFlow® Doppler system at 3, 6, and 9 min post-induction. Key parameters included velocity time integral (VTI), cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), pulsatility index (PI), and others. Patients were stratified into four age groups. Non-parametric tests (Friedman, Kruskal–Wallis) with FDR correction assessed temporal and inter-group differences. Inter-parameter correlations were assessed using Spearman’s rank correlation.

resultsHR declined with age and decreased slightly over time in older children. VTI increased with age and rose over time in the younger groups. CO increased with age and showed a small temporal rise only in the 1–2-year group, while PI remained age-dependent but temporally stable. Strong positive correlations were observed between CO, central venous pressure (CVP), and SV, while systemic vascular resistance (SVR) showed strong inverse correlations with these parameters. The 4–6 years group had the highest CO and VTI values, while the youngest group showed the lowest pulsatility indices. Age-specific trends were evident, and most parameters demonstrated significant variation either temporally or between age groups (p < 0.05).

conclusionThis study provides the first large-scale, age-stratified descriptive hemodynamic profiles of pediatric anesthesia induction using CADFlow®. These benchmarks enable more precise, age-adapted interpretation of cardiovascular dynamics in children, and offer a foundation for goal-directed fluid therapy and decision support in pediatric anesthetic care. CLINICAL

trial registrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR), ChiCTR2300077284, registered on 3 November 2023. ( https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=210106 ).

Indexed as

Carotid ArteriesHemodynamicsUltrasonography, Carotid ArteriesAge FactorsCardiac OutputChildChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansInfantMaleMonitoring, IntraoperativePediatric AnesthesiaProspective StudiesUltrasonography, DopplerCardiac outputHemodynamic monitoringHemodynamic profilesPediatric anesthesia

Identifiers

PMID41663989
PMCPMC13001260

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.