ArticleBMC nursing2026
A nurse-led self-efficacy-based hybrid diabetic foot self-management education program for individuals with diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.
Article in BMC nursing, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05974592 (The Effect of Nurse-Led Diabetic Foot Self-Management Training Program on Diabetic Foot Knowledge, Foot Care Behavior, and Self-Efficacy Levels in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus), which is not on this map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The Effect of Nurse-Led Diabetic Foot Self-Management Training Program on Diabetic Foot Knowledge, Foot Care Behavior, and Self-Efficacy Levels in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Study
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Health behaviors and symptom clusters mediate self-management efficacy and quality of life in lung cancer immunotherapy.Scientific reports · 2026Article
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3 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimThis study aimed to examine the effect of a nurse-led self-efficacy–based hybrid diabetic foot self-management education program on diabetic foot knowledge, foot care behaviors, adaptation to chronic illness, and self-efficacy among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
designThis study was a two-arm, single-center and single-blind, randomized controlled trial.
methodsThe study sample consisted of 48 adults with T2DM assigned to the intervention (n = 25) and control (n = 23) groups using block randomization. The study was conducted at a tertiary hospital outpatient clinic in Ankara. The intervention group received a nurse-led self-efficacy–based hybrid foot self-management education program for eight weeks. This was a three-stage program comprising face-to-face sessions, WhatsApp-mediated interactions, and educational content provided through a YouTube channel, and it included a follow-up component. Baseline and follow-up data were collected at baseline, week 4, and week 8 using the Diabetic Foot Knowledge Scale (DFKS), Foot Care Behavior Scale (FCBS), Adaptation to Chronic Illness Scale (ACIS), and Diabetic Foot Care Self-Efficacy Scale (DFCSES). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Repeated Measures ANOVA.
resultsSignificant Group × Time interaction effects were found for DFKS (F = 37.50, p < 0.05), FCBS (F = 12.8, p < 0.05), and DFCSES (F = 3.87, p < 0.05), indicating greater improvement in the intervention group compared to the control group. No significant Group × Time differences were found in ACIS (F = 0.071, p > 0.05).
conclusionThe self-efficacy-based, nurse-led hybrid diabetic foot self-management education program significantly improved diabetic foot knowledge, foot care behaviors, and self-efficacy in adults with T2DM. These findings support incorporating this education program into routine diabetes management to promote sustainable self-care and reduce the risk of diabetic foot complications. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Patients and public were not involved in this study. This study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (Ref. No: NCT05974592, Registered on July 26, 2023).
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