ArticleBMC oral health2026
Prognostic significance of programmed death-ligand 1 expression in betel nut chewing patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Article in BMC oral health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and clinical outcomes in oral squamous cell carcinoma: evidence from a large clinical cohort.Oral and maxillofacial surgery · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in Taiwanese patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) who underwent surgical treatment and had a history of betel-nut chewing. MATERIALS AND
methodsWe retrospectively analyzed the medical records of patients with OSCC diagnosed and treated at a single tertiary hospital between 2017 and 2023. Immunohistochemical evaluation of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor specimens was performed using the validated anti–PD-L1 antibody clone 22C3. PD-L1 expression was evaluated using the Combined Positive Score (CPS). CPS ≥ 1 and ≥ 20 were defined as PD-L1 positivity and overexpression, respectively. An additional score was obtained by subtracting the tumor proportion score (TPS) from the combined positive score (CPS) to clarify the effect of the immune cells. The associations between PD-L1 expression, overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS) were assessed using Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses.
resultsOf the 118 OSCCs, 56.8% and 31.4% exhibited PD-L1 positivity and overexpression, respectively. PD-L1 overexpression and CPS-TPS ≥ 10 were significantly associated with improved OS (p = 0.023 and p = 0.035, respectively). Multivariate analysis confirmed that PD-L1 overexpression and cancer stage were independent prognostic factors for OS (p = 0.031 and p = 0.000, respectively). However, PD-L1 overexpression was not significantly correlated with tumor stage, anatomical site, or adverse pathological features.
conclusionHigh PD-L1 expression is a favorable prognostic biomarker in patients with surgically treated OSCC, particularly in populations with prevalent betel nut use. These findings suggest that PD-L1 expression can guide immunotherapy decisions and risk stratification in OSCC management. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Patients with OSCC exhibiting high PD-L1 expression have a better survival rate after surgery. PD-L1 testing may help in risk stratification and guiding immunotherapy decisions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.