ArticleStem cell research & therapy2026
Early hypoxia treatment and oxygen-concentration alteration promote the retinal progenitor proliferation and ganglion cell maturation in human retinal organoid development.
Article in Stem cell research & therapy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundRetinal organoids (ROs) derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) hold immense potential for modeling retinal development and diseases. However, current differentiation protocols often overlook the physiological hypoxic microenvironment of early embryogenesis, potentially compromising developmental fidelity. In this study, we investigated how staged oxygen modulation-hypoxic priming followed by normoxic transition-optimizes RO development by mimicking in vivo oxygen dynamics.
methodsThe H9 hESC line was differentiated into ROs using a modified serum-free floating culture of embryoid body-like aggregates with quick reaggregation (SFEBq) protocol under four oxygen regimens: constant normoxia (20% O
resultsEarly hypoxia (5% O
conclusionStaged oxygen modulation-hypoxic priming followed by normoxic transition-synergistically enhanced RO development by expanding progenitor reservoirs and promoting RGC maturation. This protocol offers a physiologically relevant framework for generating high-fidelity ROs for disease modeling and regenerative applications.
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