Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41664342›Full record

ArticleNursing open2026

Development of a Scale to Assess the Safe Disposal of Insulin Pen Needles in Patients With Diabetes: A Delphi Study.

Wenjie Zhang, Juan Ge, Yuqin Han, Limei Zheng, Ruihong Li, Wah Yang

Erratum issuedAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nursing open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Wenjie ZhangDepartment of Emergency, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5411-8317
Juan GeCollege of Health Management, Shanghai Jian Qiao University, Shanghai, China.
Yuqin HanShanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China.
Limei ZhengShanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China.
Ruihong LiDepartment of Emergency, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
Wah YangDepartment of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.

Funding

the Science Foundation of Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences SFP-21-21-15-002the Special Project for Clinical Research in Health Industry of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission 201940506the Technology Development Fund Project in Fengxian District in Shanghai 20211501
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeDevelopment of a measurement scale to assess the safe disposal of insulin pen needles in patients with diabetes.

methodsIn the preliminary stage, a pool of 35 items in four areas was generated through literature analysis, research group discussions and preliminary qualitative research. A Delphi study was then used. Experts in the relevant fields were invited to participate in a consultation, assessing each item's representativeness and clarity, after which the expert opinions were synthesised. The content of the items analysed was modified in order to finalise the prediction scale.

results18 experts participated in the first round and 17 in the second round. Items of the scale were added, deleted, and amended based on experts' recommendations, statistical analysis, and study group discussions. After the second Delphi round, the experts reached a consensus on 26 items within four dimensions. In the two rounds of expert correspondence, the return rate of the questionnaire was 81.80% and 94.44%, respectively; the authority coefficients of the experts were 0.922 and 0.947, respectively; the Kendall coordination coefficients of the two rounds of the scale were 0.147 and 0.200, respectively (p < 0.05).

conclusionThe Safe Disposal of Insulin Pen Needles Scale for Patients with Diabetes has been shown to have adequate content validity. In the future, further analysis of the scale's validity and reliability is necessary to prove its value in managing insulin pen needles. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Using assessment tools for safely disposing of insulin pen needles has practical implications. The development of this scale can be used to assess the disposal behaviour of patients with diabetes towards discarded needles and provide a basis for intervention by health care professionals.

Indexed as

Diabetes MellitusInsulinMedical Waste DisposalNeedlesAdultDelphi TechniqueFemaleHumansHypoglycemic AgentsMaleMiddle AgedSurveys and QuestionnairesHypoglycemic AgentsInsulinMedical Waste DisposalDelphi methoddiabetes mellitusinsulin pen needlescale

Identifiers

PMID41664342
PMCPMC12886195

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.