Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41664462›Full record

ArticleACS applied materials & interfaces2026

Hemocompatibility of Carbosilane Dendrimers as a Therapeutic siRNA Delivery System across Blood-Brain Barrier.

Serafin Zawadzki, Simon Suty, Elżbieta Okła, Paula Ortega López, F Javier de la Mata, Iveta Waczulikova, Maksim Ionov, Maria Bryszewska, Katarzyna Miłowska

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in ACS applied materials & interfaces, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Serafin ZawadzkiDepartment of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., Lodz 90-236, Poland.ORCID 0000-0002-3093-5945
Simon SutyDepartment of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina F1, Bratislava 842 48, Slovakia.
Elżbieta OkłaDepartment of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., Lodz 90-236, Poland.
Paula Ortega LópezDepartment of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, IQAR, University of Alcalá, Madrid 28805, Spain.ORCID 0000-0003-0377-5429
F Javier de la MataDepartment of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, IQAR, University of Alcalá, Madrid 28805, Spain.ORCID 0000-0003-0418-3935
Iveta WaczulikovaDepartment of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina F1, Bratislava 842 48, Slovakia.
Maksim IonovDepartment of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., Lodz 90-236, Poland.ORCID 0000-0001-7227-6864
Maria BryszewskaDepartment of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., Lodz 90-236, Poland.
Katarzyna MiłowskaDepartment of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., Lodz 90-236, Poland.ORCID 0000-0002-4050-2756

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The development of nanocarriers offers a promising strategy for the delivery of therapeutics to the central nervous system. However, the clinical translation of nanosystems hinges on their interactions with blood components, which not only dictate their biodistribution and therapeutic efficacy but also may pose potential risks to hemostasis. In this study, we assess the hemocompatibility of a novel, third-generation PEGylated carbosilane dendrimer (G3Si PEG6000) and its dendriplex designed for siRNA delivery across the blood-brain barrier pertinent to Alzheimer's disease. Utilizing a comprehensive array of advanced analytical techniques, we assess cellular responses, cytokine expression, hemorheological properties, hematological parameters, and coagulation dynamics within a physiologically relevant environment. Our findings demonstrate that the investigated nanosystem elicits changes in blood rheology, immune recognition, and the intrinsic coagulation cascade, yet these effects remain below thresholds associated with clinically significant adverse outcomes. Hemolysis was ∼8-fold lower for dendriplexes than the dendrimer in PBS at the highest concentration (accordingly 3.5 ± 0.14% vs 27.46 ± 4.66%, 24 h), in 55% plasma, both formulations were nonhemolytic across all concentrations. Whole blood viscosity increased by up to ∼11% (dendrimer) and ∼16% (dendriplex) relative to the control. At 10 μM, the dendrimer approximately doubled the aPTT, whereas the corresponding dendriplex increased the aPTT by ∼30% of the control. Importantly, neither adverse effects on red blood cell and platelet indices nor toxicological responses in white blood cells were observed under the tested conditions. These findings not only support the translational potential of the studied nanosystem for therapy but also emphasize the critical role of the therapeutic cargo and the formation of a biomolecular corona in shaping the nanocarrier's biological identity and its subsequent interactions within the bloodstream. The results provide a compelling scientific basis for advancing this platform in further investigations.

Indexed as

Blood-Brain BarrierDendrimersDrug CarriersRNA, Small InterferingSilanesAnimalsBlood CoagulationHemolysisHumanscarbosilaneDendrimersDrug CarriersRNA, Small InterferingSilanescarbosilane dendrimerdrug delivery systemhemocompatibilityimmunocompatibilitynanoparticlessiRNA

Identifiers

PMID41664462
PMCPMC13296731

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.