Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41664734›Full record

ReviewCureus2026

Exploring the Intricacies of Finite Element Modeling of 3D-Printed Scaffolds for Musculoskeletal Applications: An In-Depth Review.

Debangshu Paul, David Sta Maria, Sm Anwar Sadat, Md Ataur Rahman, Huma Shahzad, Ehsanul H Apu, Mushfiq H Shaikh

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Debangshu PaulDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA.
David Sta MariaDepartment of Medical Education, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Edinburg, USA.
Sm Anwar SadatDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dhaka Dental College and Hospital, Dhaka, BGD.
Md Ataur RahmanDepartment of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA.
Huma ShahzadDepartment of Medical Education, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Edinburg, USA.
Ehsanul H ApuDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, USA.
Mushfiq H ShaikhDepartment of Medical Education, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Edinburg, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Finite element analysis (FEA) is redefining how three-dimensional (3D)-printed bone scaffolds are designed and validated. By digitally predicting stress, strain, and deformation before fabrication, FEA is transforming the field of 3D-printed bone scaffolds by offering a predictive framework to design and validate mechanically robust, biologically active constructs. This review summarizes how FEA-driven strategies optimize scaffold geometry, pore architecture, and material properties, ranging from polymer-ceramic composites to hydrogel blends, under physiological loads. We highlight multiscale modeling approaches that connect microscale porosity to overall strength and discuss live integration of printer feedback for rapid design iterations. Experimental and early clinical validations reveal FEA predictions within single-digit error margins and demonstrate scaffold-guided bone ingrowth in patient-specific implants. Finally, we examine emerging AI-enhanced methodologies for real-time optimization, challenges in modeling degradation and cell remodeling, and propose standardized workflows to accelerate the clinical translation of FEA-informed bioprinted bone scaffolds.

Indexed as

3d-printed scaffoldsai-enhanced methodologiesbone tissue engineeringclinical translationfinite element analysismulti-scale modelingpatient-specific implantspolymer–ceramic compositespore architecturescaffold geometry optimization

Identifiers

PMID41664734
PMCPMC12883219

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.