Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41665459›Full record

ReviewHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2026

Immunofitness in the elderly: The role of vaccination in promoting healthy aging.

José Gomez Rial, Esther Redondo, Irene Rivero-Calle, Enrique Mascarós, Daniel Ocaña, Isabel Jimeno, Ángel Gil, Manuel Linares, María Ángeles Onieva-García, Fernando González-Romo and 2 more

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

José Gomez RialImmunology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Esther RedondoInfectious, Migrant, Vaccines, and Preventive Activities Group of SEMERGEN, International Healthcare Centre of the City Council of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Irene Rivero-CalleTranslational Paediatrics and Infectious Diseases Section, Paediatrics Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Enrique MascarósHealth Department, Hospital la Fe, Primary Care Centre Arquitecto Tolsá, Valencia, Spain.
Daniel OcañaPrimary Care, Health Care Centre Algeciras, Algeciras, Spain.
Isabel JimenoPrimary Care Health Centre Isla de Oza, Vaccine Responsible of SEMG, Madrid, Spain.
Ángel GilCIBER of Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Manuel LinaresSpecialist in Primary Care and Clinical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Group SEMERGEN, Fundación Io, Madrid, Spain.
María Ángeles Onieva-GarcíaPreventive Medicine and Public Health Unit, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain.
Fernando González-RomoClinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
José YusteCIBER of Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Federico Martinón-TorresTranslational Paediatrics and Infectious Diseases Section, Paediatrics Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.ORCID 0000-0002-9023-581X

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Aging reshapes immunity through immunosenescence and inflammaging, increasing susceptibility to infection, exacerbating chronic conditions, and blunting vaccine responses. This review frames "immunofitness" as a practical goal of healthy aging and examines how adult vaccination builds immune resilience. Vaccination strengthens adaptive memory, leverages adjuvants to optimize antigen presentation, and can reprogramme innate cells (trained immunity), yielding heterologous benefits beyond target pathogens. We integrate evidence in older adults for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, pneumococcal, COVID-19, and recombinant zoster vaccines, including reductions in respiratory events, cardiovascular outcomes, hospitalization, and mortality. We highlight emerging platforms and precision vaccinology to tailor schedules by immune age, comorbidity, and frailty. Integrating routine, age-appropriate vaccination with lifestyle measures is a feasible, high-impact strategy to promote immunofitness.

Indexed as

AgingHealthy AgingImmunosenescenceVaccinationAdjuvants, ImmunologicAgedCOVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesHerpes Zoster VaccineHumansInfluenza VaccinesPneumococcal VaccinesRespiratory Syncytial Virus VaccinesTrained ImmunityVaccinesAdjuvants, ImmunologicCOVID-19 VaccinesHerpes Zoster VaccineInfluenza VaccinesPneumococcal VaccinesRespiratory Syncytial Virus VaccinesVaccinesadult vaccinationImmunofitnessimmunosenescenceinflammagingolder adultstrained immunity

Identifiers

PMID41665459
PMCPMC12893699

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.