ArticleFrontiers in nutrition2026
Sea cucumber protein hydrolysate restores the Th1/Th2 paradigm in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice.
Article in Frontiers in nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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15 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction: Immunocompetence reflects the immune system's capacity to mount effective responses against antigens. Cyclophosphamide (CYP), a chemotherapeutic and experimental immunosuppressive agent, disrupts T-helper (Th)1/Th2 balance and compromises immune organ integrity. Bioactive peptides derived from the sea cucumber Methods: A collagenase-derived sea cucumber protein hydrolysate (SCPH) was prepared using Clostridium collagenase-I and characterized for amino acid composition and peptide profiles. BALB/c mice were administered CYP (80 mg/kg, i.p.) to induce immunosuppression, followed by oral SCPH treatment. Body weight, spleen and thymus indices, leukocyte counts, Th1/Th2-associated gene expression (IFNG, TBX21, IL4, GATA3), serum cytokines and immunoglobulins, and splenic histology and immunohistochemistry were evaluated. Results: CYP treatment induced body weight loss, reduced immune organ indices, altered leukocyte profiles, and disrupted Th1/Th2-associated markers. SCPH administration partially reversed these changes by restoring spleen and thymus indices, normalizing circulating immune cell levels, upregulating Th1-associated genes (IFNG, TBX21), and downregulating Th2-associated genes (IL4, GATA3). SCPH also increased serum Th1 mediators (IFNG, IgG, IgM) while reducing Th2-associated markers (IL-4, IL-10, IgA, sIgA). Histological and immunohistochemical analyses confirmed improved splenic architecture with elevated T-bet and reduced GATA3 expression. Discussion/conclusion: These findings indicate that SCPH promotes Th1-biased immune rebalancing in CYP-induced immunosuppressed mice, suggesting its potential as a marine-derived immunonutritional agent. Further mechanistic studies are warranted to explore its therapeutic and translational applications.
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