Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41679082›Full record

ArticleEnvironment international2026

Air pollution predicts healthcare spending among older adults in the United States.

Sara D Adar, Boya Zhang, Jennifer D'Souza, Adam A Szpiro, Anjelica Gangaram, Jennifer Weuve, Carlos F Mendes de Leon, Kayleigh P Keller, Meredith Pedde, Jinkook Lee and 4 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Environment international, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Sara D AdarDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Electronic address: sadar@umich.edu.
Boya ZhangDepartment of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA.
Jennifer D'SouzaDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Adam A SzpiroDepartment of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA.
Anjelica GangaramDepartment of Health Management and Policy, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Jennifer WeuveDepartment of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
Carlos F Mendes de LeonDepartment of Global Health, Georgetown University School of Health, Washington D.C., USA.
Kayleigh P KellerDepartment of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
Meredith PeddeDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Jinkook LeeCenter for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Joel D KaufmanDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA.
Jessica FaulInstitute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Kenneth M LangaInstitute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Richard A HirthDepartment of Health Management and Policy, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Funding

HRS Yrs29-34: Y33 SSA CoFundingU01AG009740 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI Jessica Faul, KENNETH M LANGA · 1990 to 2026
$555.8M
Integrting Information About Aging SurveysR01AG030153 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI Sara Adar, Alden L. Gross · 2007 to 2026
$41.7M
The impact of airborne particles and ozone on cognition, mobility, and health care spending at older ages: Evidence from a nationally-representative longitudinal cohortR01ES028694 · NIEHS · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI ADAR, SARA · 2018 to 2021
$2.3M
NIA NIH HHS R01 AG030153NIA NIH HHS U01 AG009740NIEHS NIH HHS R01 ES028694
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAir pollution is associated with poor health, including chronic diseases, cognitive declines, and physical limitations in late life. The financial burdens of these exposures are likely underestimated due to a reliance on indirect estimates not generated by individual-level data and the exclusion of out-of-pocket expenses and long-term care costs.

methodsWe used repeated measures of Medicare-linked survey data from respondents in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally-representative, population-based, cohort study in the United States. We included all respondents aged ≥ 67 years who were enrolled in fee-for-service coverage between 2006 and 2016 to characterize associations between air pollution and Medicare and out-of-pocket healthcare spending. We estimated 10-year average concentrations of four key air pollutants (PM

resultsAmong 11,160 respondents (72 ± 7yrs), the mean annual total healthcare spending in Medicare and out-of-pocket spending were $16,680 and $3,156, respectively. Higher levels of PM

conclusionInterventions to reduce PM

Indexed as

Air PollutionHealth ExpendituresAgedAir PollutantsFemaleHumansMaleMedicareParticulate MatterUnited StatesAir PollutantsParticulate MatterAir pollutionHealthcare spendingMedicareOut-of-pocket spending

Identifiers

PMID41679082
PMCPMC13399006

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.