Evidence mapPaperPMID 41683421Full record

ReviewMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2026

Red Blood Cells in Normal and Pathological States: Redox Reactions of Hemoglobin.

Krzysztof Gwozdzinski, Anna Pieniazek, Lukasz Gwozdzinski

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Krzysztof GwozdzinskiDepartment of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.ORCID 0000-0003-2590-7496
Anna PieniazekDepartment of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.ORCID 0000-0001-5061-1596
Lukasz GwozdzinskiDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland.ORCID 0000-0003-3702-1238

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Red blood cells (RBCs) play a key role in vascular origin pathologies such as nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. Altered RBCs also occur in the case of hereditary spherocytosis, hemoglobinopathies, sickle cell disease, thalassemia and hemolytic anemia. The consequence of damage to the cell membrane and cytoskeleton are changes in RBC deformability, which play an important role in microcirculation. In turn, oxidative changes in hemoglobin lead to impaired oxygen transport to cells and tissues and, consequently, to ischemia and hypoxia. In this review, we discuss the structure of normal and pathological RBCs, including, more broadly, red blood cells occurring in type 2 diabetes. We present factors that play a major role in RBC damage in this pathology. Finally, we characterize the participation of hemoglobin and heme in the induction of oxidative damage to biological material, including RBCs.

Indexed as

ErythrocytesHemoglobinsAnimalsDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2HemeHumansOxidation-ReductionOxidative StressHemeHemoglobinsdiabetes mellitushemehemoglobininflammationoxidative damagered blood cells

Identifiers

PMID41683421
PMCPMC12899599

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.