ReviewClinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology2026
Clinical utility and prospective of TMS-EEG: Updated review from an international expert group.
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Review in Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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7citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Modulation of evoked alpha oscillatory activity in the frontocentral region during analgesia by non-invasive brain stimulation.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026Trial
- Mechanisms of transcranial magnetic brain stimulation.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
- Personalizing neuromodulation for chronic pain: A connectivity-guided trial.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026Article
- Opportunities for the future of transcranial magnetic stimulation and epilepsy.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026Review
- Pulse waveform and current direction alter network-level TMS-induced functional connectivity: Evidence from TMS-EEG.NeuroImage · 2026Article
- Editorial: Applications of non-invasive brain stimulation in neurodevelopmental disorders.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Article
- Assessing upper motor neuron dysfunction in ALS: from TMS-EEG and EMG neurophysiology to a combined tFUS-TMS translational framework.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
62 authors.
Ulf ZiemannDepartment of Neurology & Stroke, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. Electronic address: ulf.ziemann@uni-tuebingen.de.
Yang BaiCenter of Disorders of Consciousness Rehabilitation, Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Rehabilitation Medicine Clinical Research Center of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi, China.
Fiona M BaumerDepartment of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, USA.
Mikkel M BeckDanish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.
Paolo BelardinelliHertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; CiMeC, Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Italy.
Daniele BelvisiDepartment of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
Stephan BenderDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Til Ole BergmannNeuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany.
Marta BortolettoMolecular Mind Laboratory, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy.
Silvia CasarottoDepartment of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy.
Elias CasulaDepartment of System Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Experimental Neuropsychophysiology Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
Arthur R ChavesThe Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, Canada; Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Canada.
Daniel Ciampi de AndradeCenter for Neuroplasticity and Pain, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
Antonella ConteDepartment of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
Zafiris J DaskalakisDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
Faranak FarzaneBrain Lab, School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Fabio FerrarelliUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA.
Paul B FitzgeraldSchool of Medicine and Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; Monarch Research Institute, Monarch Mental Health Group, Melbourne, Australia.
Pedro C GordonDepartment of Neurology & Stroke, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Christian GrefkesDepartment of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Sylvain HarquelUniv. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, Grenoble, France.
Julio C Hernandez-PavonDepartment of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
Aron T HillDeakin University, Melbourne Burwood Campus, Australia.
Kate E HoyThe Bionics Institute, Fitzroy, Australia.
Friedhelm C HummelDefitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute (INX), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland; Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, INX, EPFL Valais, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Sion, Switzerland; Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland.
Petro JulkunenDepartment of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
Elisa KallioniemiDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA.
Corey J KellerWu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, and the Sierra Pacific Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, USA.
Vasilios K KimiskidisFirst Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Melissa KirkovskiDeakin University, Melbourne Burwood Campus, Australia.
Giacomo KochDepartment of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, and Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication (CTNSC), Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ferrara, Italy.
Giorgio LeodoriDepartment of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
Pantelis LioumisDepartment of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland; BioMag Laboratory, HUS Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki, Aalto University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
Sara MäättäDepartment of Clinical Neurophysiology, Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Inbal MaidanLaboratory of Early Markers of Neurodegeneration (LEMON), Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Gray Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences , Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Marcello MassiminiDepartment of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy.
Annerose MengelDepartment of Neurology & Stroke, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Johanna MetsomaaDepartment of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
Carlo MiniussiCiMeC, Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Italy.
Tuomas P MutanenDepartment of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
Yoshihiro NodaDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Shinjuku-Yoyogi Mental Lab Clinic, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, International University of Health and Welfare, Mita Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
Recep A OzdemirBerenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Estelle RaffinUniv. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, Grenoble, France.
Lorenzo RocchiDepartment of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
Nigel C RogaschSchool of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia.
Mario RosanovaDepartment of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Emiliano SantarnecchiBerenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Precision Neuroscience & Neuromodulation Program, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Simone SarassoDepartment of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Siobhan M SchabrunThe Gray Centre for Mobility and Activity, Parkwood Institute, St Joseph's Healthcare, London, Ontario, Canada; School of Physical Therapy, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
Mouhsin M ShafiBerenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Hartwig R SiebnerDanish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Else A TolnerDepartment of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Leo TomasevicDanish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Department of Human Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany.
Sara TremblayThe Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, Canada; The University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Département de psychoéducation et de psychologie, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
Caroline TscherpelDepartment of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Domenica VenieroSchool of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK.
Viviana VersaceDepartment of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Italy.
Daphne VoineskosTemerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
Steve VucicBrain and Nerve Research Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Abraham ZangenDepartment of Life Science and the School of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheba, Israel.
Christoph ZrennerTemerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Risto J IlmoniemiDepartment of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique to stimulate the brain, while electroencephalography (EEG) is a non-invasive technique to record its electrical activity. Their combined use (TMS-EEG) has been established only relatively recently, after successful development of TMS-compatible EEG amplifiers. TMS-EEG offers the unparalleled opportunity to directly perturb the brain with TMS and simultaneously record its response with EEG. This allows inferences on causal input-output relationships, therefore going critically beyond purely observational techniques, such as resting-state EEG or functional MRI, in the study of brain dynamics. This consensus review updates the work of Tremblay and coworkers [Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130: 802-844]. Since then, substantial advances have been made in understanding contamination of TMS-EEG signals by physiological and non-physiological artifacts, as well as in developing strategies to avoid or control them. In parallel, new insights have emerged regarding the physiological mechanisms underlying TMS-EEG responses and their diagnostic and prognostic utility in a broad range of psychiatric and neurological disorders. As such, TMS-EEG is rapidly shaping a dynamic new field in clinical neurophysiology and neuroscience. This review provides a critical and comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge, including practical guidance for implementing TMS-EEG in the clinical setting.
Indexed as
BrainElectroencephalographyTranscranial Magnetic StimulationHumansCortical excitabilityEffective connectivityElectroencephalographyTMS-EEGTranscranial magnetic stimulation
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