ArticleEuropean journal of nutrition2026
Higher dietary choline and betaine intakes are associated with lower likelihood of central nervous system demyelination in Australian women.
Article in European journal of nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Choline, a nexus for neurocognitive nutrients: A narrative review.Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeCholine and betaine may be neuroprotective; however, the role of choline and betaine obtained from food in multiple sclerosis (MS) onset in humans is unclear. We aimed to test associations between intake of choline and betaine from food and likelihood of a first clinical diagnosis of central nervous system demyelination (FCD).
methodsWe used data from the Ausimmune Study, a large, multi-centre case–control study conducted in four latitudinally diverse regions of Australia. Choline and betaine intakes were derived from food composition data sourced globally and dietary intake data collected using a self-administered, semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. We used the alternate Mediterranean diet score (aMED) as a measure of diet quality. We applied logistic regression with full propensity score matching (264 cases, 474 controls) and stratified by sex (females: 205 cases/368 controls; males 59 cases/106 controls) to test associations between dietary choline and betaine intakes (per 50 mg/day) and likelihood of an FCD. Models were adjusted for age, region, education, smoking history, history of infectious mononucleosis, deseasonalised serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, total energy intake, dietary misreporting and aMED, and bootstrapped (500 replicates).
resultsIndependent of an overall healthy diet, higher choline intake (OR = 0.91; 95%CI 0.84–1.00; p = 0.05) and higher combined choline + betaine intake (OR = 0.92; 95%CI 0.86–0.99; p = 0.03) were significantly associated with lower likelihood of FCD in females only. We found no statistically significant associations in males (small sample).
conclusionGiven the potential beneficial role of choline and betaine in MS, investigation of associations and any diet- or sex-specific influences in other populations is warranted.
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