Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41689765›Full record

SynthesisHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2026

Efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of BCG revaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Syed Hassan Ali, Shanza Shakir, Umais Ahmed Shaikh, Maryam Khalid, Maria Jawed, Syed Ibad Ali, Maheen Samo, Hadeel Shariq, Muhammad Saad Khan, Umaimah Naeem and 1 more

Abstract readSystematic ReviewMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Syed Hassan AliDepartment of Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan.ORCID 0009-0004-5360-6249
Shanza ShakirDepartment of Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan.ORCID 0009-0002-9994-3414
Umais Ahmed ShaikhDepartment of Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan.ORCID 0009-0005-8050-5440
Maryam KhalidDepartment of Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan.ORCID 0009-0002-2088-9508
Maria JawedDepartment of Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan.ORCID 0009-0007-0468-1236
Syed Ibad AliDepartment of Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan.ORCID 0009-0007-1928-1286
Maheen SamoDepartment of Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan.ORCID 0009-0004-8891-4858
Hadeel ShariqDepartment of Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan.ORCID 0009-0003-3244-9988
Muhammad Saad KhanDepartment of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan.ORCID 0009-0002-4228-6476
Umaimah NaeemDepartment of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan.
Aminath WaafiraSchool of Medicine, The Maldives National University, Malé, Maldives.ORCID 0009-0000-3283-1982

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading global cause of death. While primary Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination offers protection in children, the role of BCG revaccination in adults remains unclear. This study evaluated the efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of BCG revaccination against TB. A comprehensive literature search through July 2025, with independent data extraction by two reviewers. RevMan version 5.4 was used for analysis by applying random-effects models with 95% CIs. Six RCTs, involving 2400 participants, showed no significant effect of BCG revaccination on initial (RR 0.99) or sustained (RR 0.80) QFT conversion, showing only modest effectiveness against MTB. Immunogenicity evaluation showed a moderate increase in CD8+ T cell (

Indexed as

BCG VaccineImmunization, SecondaryImmunogenicity, VaccineMycobacterium tuberculosisTuberculosisVaccine EfficacyCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesHumansRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicBCG VaccineBCG vaccinationimmunogenicityQuantiFERON-TB (QFT)T-cell responsesTuberculosis

Identifiers

PMID41689765
PMCPMC12915884

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.