ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells in colorectal cancer: a synergistic immunosuppressive axis and emerging therapeutic opportunities.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Nanoparticle delivery of Chinese medicine monomers for remodeling the colorectal cancer immune microenvironment.Discover nano · 2026Review
- Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer: biology, regulatory networks and theranostic prospects.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Lactate as a Master Regulator of Immune Suppression: From Metabolic Waste to Epigenetic Checkpoint in Colorectal Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Exosomes in Precision Oncology: A Framework for Clinical Utility and Biomedical Applications.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Overcoming Resistance to Anti-EGFR Therapies: Mechanisms of Cetuximab and Panitumumab Resistance and Emerging Combination Strategies.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Tumor-Induced Splenic Remodeling: Mechanisms of Systemic Immunosuppression and Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Immune Checkpoint-Based Therapies in Colorectal Cancer-Current Approaches and Future Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Probiotics in colorectal cancer: mechanisms, biomarkers, and adjunct strategies.Cancer biology & medicine · 2026Review
- Bispecific antibodies in gastrointestinal cancers: current applications and future perspectives.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Microbiome and cancer: mechanistic insights, diagnostic potential, and therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- The microbiota-NK cell axis in colorectal cancer: a spatial and subset-centric framework.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Peripheral blood immune cell subsets predict postoperative recurrence in colorectal cancer: a flow cytometry-based retrospective study.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Traditional Chinese medicine as a potential barrier-oriented sensitization strategy for immune checkpoint blockade in microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer: from resistance mechanisms to translational validation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of bidirectional crosstalk between hepatic stellate cell-derived cancer-associated fibroblasts and T cells in immune evasion and therapeutic resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in colorectal cancer: mechanisms of immunosuppression, therapy resistance and therapeutic targeting.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Microsatellite-stable (MSS)/proficient mismatch-repair (pMMR) colorectal cancer (CRC) accounts for more than 85% of cases but responds poorly to single-agent immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), with objective response rates remaining below 5%. A principal barrier to effective immunotherapy in these tumors is a durable immunosuppressive axis formed by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) within the tumor microenvironment. This axis impedes antitumor immunity through multilayered mechanisms including bidirectional chemotactic recruitment, reciprocal cytokine signaling, metabolic suppression and exosome-mediated communication. CRC is uniquely influenced by the gut microbiota: Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes MDSC/Treg enrichment via TLR4-NF-κB and Fap2-TIGIT pathways; Peptostreptococcus anaerobius acts through integrin-PI3K-NF-κB signaling; and microbial metabolites such as 4-HPA activate JAK2/STAT3-CXCL3 signaling to expand MDSC populations. Concurrently, a hypoxia-lactate-HIF-1α-CD73/A2AR circuit further stabilizes suppressive phenotypes, forming a "microbiota-metabolism-hypoxia-MDSC-Treg" cascade. Emerging clinical and translational data indicate that disrupting this axis can sensitize MSS-CRC to ICIs: for example, Zanzalintinib combined with Atezolizumab reported survival benefit in the STELLAR-303 trial, and dual blockade of novel checkpoints with PD-(L)1 has been associated with enhanced immune activation in solid tumors. Targeting the MDSC-Treg axis therefore represents a promising strategy to overcome immunotherapy resistance in MSS/pMMR CRC.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.