How do parents approach nighttime infant care? A grounded theory.

Introduction: How parent dyads organize and share nighttime caregiving, particularly in the context of gender-roles and diverse family structures, has been given little attention. The aim of this study was to develop a grounded theory explaining how parent dyads manage nighttime infant care, focusing on caregiving practices, decision-making, and their effects on parental roles and well-being. Methods: Parent dyads with children under 2 years of age who completed an online questionnaire were invited to participate in virtual semi-structured interviews about their nighttime caregiving approaches. Interview transcripts were analyzed using constructive grounded theory methods. Results: Twenty cisgender heterosexual and 10 2SLGBTQ+ dyads were interviewed. The core category Discussion: Dyadic context shapes how couples navigate nighttime care priorities. Flexibility in decision-making and active engagement from both partners in adapting to evolving needs promoted mutually supportive nighttime caregiving for families. These findings enhance understanding of shared parenting dynamics in diverse family structures, informing strategies to support parental and infant sleep and well-being.