Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41702709›Full record

ReviewGenome research2026

A systematic guide for identifying transcription factors that directly regulate the expression of a gene of interest.

Andrew D Bates, Dawid Grzela, Maciej Studzian, Louise Brennan, Moli Williams, Conor Fawcett, Beth Hammond, Manreen Grewal, Marcin Ratajewski, Lukasz Pulaski and 1 more

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Genome research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Andrew D Bates *Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, United Kingdom.
Dawid Grzela *Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland.
Maciej Studzian *Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland.
Louise Brennan *Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, United Kingdom.
Moli Williams *Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, United Kingdom.
Conor Fawcett *Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, United Kingdom.
Beth HammondInstitute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, United Kingdom.
Manreen GrewalInstitute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, United Kingdom.
Marcin RatajewskiInstitute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland; urszula.mcclurg@liverpool.ac.uk mratajewski@cbm.pan.pl lpulaski@uni.lodz.pl.
Lukasz PulaskiInstitute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland; urszula.mcclurg@liverpool.ac.uk mratajewski@cbm.pan.pl lpulaski@uni.lodz.pl.
Urszula L McClurgInstitute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, United Kingdom; urszula.mcclurg@liverpool.ac.uk mratajewski@cbm.pan.pl lpulaski@uni.lodz.pl.ORCID 0000-0003-2631-4174

Funding

Medical Research Council MR/X00855X/1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Transcriptional regulation lies at the heart of cellular identity and function, hinging on the precise binding of transcription factors (TFs) and cofactors to gene regulatory elements such as promoters and enhancers. Although it is relatively routine to profile genome-wide DNA binding landscapes of proteins, identifying the specific proteins that bind to, and regulate the transcription of, a particular gene of interest (GOI) remains a persistent experimental and conceptual challenge. This gene-centric question is complicated by the multilayered regulatory environment in which each gene resides, comprising 3D chromatin structure, enhancer-promoter looping, DNA accessibility, histone modifications, and cell state-dependent protein dynamics. In this review, we dissect the strengths, limitations, and biological relevance of current approaches for studying direct protein-DNA interactions, distinguishing between protein-centric and DNA-centric methodologies. We introduce a conceptual matrix of biological relevance, integrating the origin of DNA and protein elements (

Indexed as

Gene Expression RegulationTranscription FactorsAnimalsChromatinDNAHumansPromoter Regions, GeneticProtein BindingChromatinDNATranscription Factors

Identifiers

PMID41702709
PMCPMC12951958

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.