ReviewFrontiers in cell and developmental biology2025
Unveiling the tumor microenvironment in colorectal cancer therapeutic resistance.
Review in Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Immune response to DNA and RNA: structural insights, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic targeting.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Immune Checkpoint-Based Therapies in Colorectal Cancer-Current Approaches and Future Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Future Perspectives: Mass Spectrometry for Spatial Localisation of Anti-Angiogenic Oil Palm Compounds.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Review
- Activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway by EDIL3 induces EMT and promotes tumor progression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG · 2026Article
- Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in colorectal cancer: mechanisms of immunosuppression, therapy resistance and therapeutic targeting.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Immune architecture of colorectal cancer brain metastases: spatial TAM heterogeneity and PD-L1 dynamics.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Common oncogenic mutations in colorectal cancer: drivers of carcinogenesis and potential therapeutic targets.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors in dMMR-MSI-H colorectal cancer: rationale, progress and prospects.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Therapeutic resistance remains a major barrier to effective treatment in colorectal cancer (CRC), where the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a pivotal role in modulating responses to chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies. This review synthesizes current evidence on how cellular and non-cellular TME components contribute to resistance mechanisms in CRC. Key immune cells, including T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, orchestrate immunosuppressive networks that impair drug efficacy. For instance, regulatory T cells and M2-polarized macrophages promote chemoresistance via cytokine secretion and metabolic reprogramming, while neutrophils and myeloid-derived suppressor cells hinder immune checkpoint blockade through extracellular trap formation and T-cell exhaustion. Non-cellular elements, such as extracellular matrix remodeling, hypoxia-induced metabolic shifts, and dysregulated cytokines like IL-6 and TGF-β, further exacerbate resistance by fostering epithelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis. Tables highlight specific molecular axes and therapeutic implications. By elucidating these interactions, this article underscores the potential of TME-targeted strategies, such as macrophage reprogramming, cytokine inhibition, and combination therapies, to overcome resistance and improve clinical outcomes in CRC patients. Future research should prioritize integrating TME biomarkers for personalized treatment approaches.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.