Evidence mapPaperPMID 41705603Full record

ArticleDiabetes, obesity & metabolism2026

Cost-utility of once-weekly insulin icodec versus once-daily basal insulins for type 2 diabetes in China.

Xichen Tong, Chang Xing, Lei Zhang, Luying Zhang

Abstract readComparative Study
In one paragraph

Article in Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Xichen TongSchool of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8663-2656
Chang XingDong Fureng Institute of Economic and Social Development, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
Lei ZhangNovo Nordisk (China) Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Beijing, China.
Luying ZhangSchool of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China 72374049Novo Nordisk (China) Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo comprehensively assess the cost-utility of icodec, the first once-weekly basal insulin, at 700 and 1050 U formulations compared with once-daily basal insulin analogues in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes within reimbursement context.

methodsA long-term cost-utility analysis was performed using ONWARDS 5 data from the perspective of the Chinese healthcare system. Icodec (700 and 1050 U) was compared with once-daily insulin glargine U100, glargine U300, and degludec over a 40-year time horizon, applying a 5% annual discount rate. Outcomes included diabetes-related complications, costs, and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Sensitivity and scenario analyses were conducted to evaluate robustness and individual comparator results.

resultsCompared with once-daily basal insulin analogues, icodec was associated with reduced cardiovascular mortality (RR = 0.97) and lower cumulative incidence of microvascular and macrovascular complications. Icodec yielded an additional 0.261 QALYs and increased life expectancy by 0.031 years, while reducing total costs by $2544.93 (700 U) and $2,916.92 (1050 U). Cost savings were primarily driven by fewer hypoglycemia events. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed 100% cost-effectiveness at below 0.4 times China's GDP per capita. Across all scenario analyses, icodec was projected to be cost-saving or cost-effective over a lifetime horizon compared with once-daily basal insulin comparators.

conclusionsOnce-weekly icodec represents a cost-effective and clinically beneficial alternative to once-daily basal insulin analogues for Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes within the current reimbursement framework.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Hypoglycemic AgentsInsulin GlargineInsulin, Long-ActingChinaCost-Benefit AnalysisCost-Effectiveness AnalysisDiabetic AngiopathiesDrug Administration ScheduleFemaleHumansHypoglycemiaMaleMiddle AgedQuality-Adjusted Life YearsHypoglycemic Agentsinsulin degludecInsulin GlargineInsulin, Long-Actingbasal insulincost‐effectivenesshealth economicsinsulin analoguestype 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID41705603
PMCPMC13071214

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.