ArticleNephrology (Carlton, Vic.)2026
SGLT2 Inhibitor-Associated Changes in Urinary Volatile Organic Compounds in Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Comprehensive Study.
Article in Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
aimOriginally developed as glucose-lowering agents for type 2 diabetes, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have recently attracted attention for their kidney-protective effects in patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD). However, their underlying metabolic mechanisms remain unclear. We, therefore, hypothesized that non-invasive urinary metabolite profiling could provide novel mechanistic insights.
methodsWe comprehensively analysed urinary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in patients with DKD using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 61 patients were enrolled, including those treated with SGLT2 inhibitors and untreated individuals. Overall, 79 urinary VOCs were identified and quantified; clinical variables were examined using appropriate statistical methods.
resultsAmong the 61 patients, those treated with SGLT2 inhibitors showed significantly higher urinary levels of acetone and 2-pentanone compared with untreated individuals. These metabolites are derived from ketone bodies, suggesting enhanced ketogenesis in the treated group. The increase in these VOCs was consistent across patients and was not explained by differences in other baseline clinical characteristics.
conclusionOur findings indicate that SGLT2 inhibitor therapy is associated with elevated urinary ketone-related VOCs, reflecting a shift in systemic energy metabolism. These observations contribute to a better understanding of the metabolic mechanisms underlying the kidney-protective effects of SGLT2 inhibitors. Considering that urinary VOCs can be measured non-invasively, this approach holds promise for future research and clinical monitoring of treatment effects in DKD.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.