Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41709314›Full record

ReviewJournal of nanobiotechnology2026

Exploiting the role of milk extracellular vesicles: a comprehensive analysis on isolation methods, characterization, surface modifications, and their therapeutic applications.

Mahananda R Prabhu, Dinesh Upadhya, Harishkumar Madhyastha, Anup Naha, Haribalan Perumalsamy, Sneha Sunderraj, Akhilesh Dubey, Shadi Rahimi, Sri Renukadevi Balusamy, Srinivas Hebbar

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of nanobiotechnology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Mahananda R PrabhuDepartment of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
Dinesh UpadhyaCentre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
Harishkumar MadhyasthaDepartment of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.
Anup NahaDepartment of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
Haribalan PerumalsamyCenter for Creative Convergence Education, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
Sneha SunderrajDepartment of Medical and Digital Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
Akhilesh DubeyNitte (Deemed to be University), NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangaluru, 575018, Karnataka, India. akhilesh@nitte.edu.in.
Shadi RahimiDivision of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. shadir@chalmers.se.
Sri Renukadevi BalusamyDepartment of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea. renubalu@sejong.ac.kr.
Srinivas HebbarDepartment of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India. hebbar.srinivas@manipal.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Milk EVs (MEVs) are a class of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that have attracted significant attention for their potential as natural nanocarriers in drug delivery. These nanosized vesicles (30 - 150 nm) are composed of a lipid bilayer that encapsulates proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. The biogenesis of EVs involves a tightly regulated "endocytosis-fusion-secretion" pathway, and they are secreted by diverse cells into physiological fluids (blood, urine, and saliva). The isolation and characterization methods of MEVs are essential to achieve high purity, structural integrity, size distribution, and biomolecular composition. Efficient drug loading strategies such as passive diffusion, electroporation, and sonication enable the incorporation of therapeutic molecules. Surface modifications such as PEGylation, ligand conjugation, and genetic engineering further enhance the targeting efficiency, circulation stability, and therapeutic efficacy. Given their biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and natural ability to traverse biological barriers, MEVs offer a scalable, and non-toxic platform for targeted drug delivery such as span cancer therapy, neurodegenerative disease treatment, and immune modulation. However, further research is needed to optimize MEV-based therapeutics, ensuring their efficacy and safety through rigorous clinical trials. This review explores the biogenesis, composition, isolation, characterization, drug-loading strategies, surface modifications, and therapeutic applications of MEVs, highlighting their emerging role in nanomedicine.

Indexed as

Extracellular VesiclesMilkAnimalsDrug CarriersDrug Delivery SystemsHumansSurface PropertiesDrug CarriersApplicationCharacterizationDrug loadingIsolationMilk extracellular vesiclesSurface modification

Identifiers

PMID41709314
PMCPMC13020330

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.