ReviewBiology of sex differences2026
Sex differences in immune modulation: implications for infection, inflammation, and nutritional supplementation.
Review in Biology of sex differences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Metabolic Calibration of Female Immune Plasticity: From X-Linked Vulnerability to Precision Metabotyping.Biology · 2026Review
- Identifying Sex Differences in Adverse Events Reported on Opioid Drugs in the FDA's Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS).Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Immune-Inflammatory markers and heart failure incidence and mortality: a population-based longitudinal study.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The immune system is central to maintaining homeostasis and orchestrating defense against infection and the regulation of inflammatory responses, yet its activity is far from uniform across individuals. Sex differences profoundly shape immune responses, with sex hormones driving distinct patterns of susceptibility to infectious diseases and inflammatory conditions. Nutrition further adds a powerful layer of modulation: vitamins, amino acids, and other bioactive compounds influence immune function and disease outcomes, often in a sex-dependent manner. The microbiome, whose composition is itself influenced by sex, is a critical regulator of both intestinal and systemic immune disorders, making it an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we examine the dynamic interplay between sex, nutrition, and the immune system, emphasizing their combined impact on infection, inflammation, and immunomodulation. A deeper understanding of these interactions will be key to advancing personalized nutritional and therapeutic strategies designed to optimize immune health.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.