Evidence mapPaperPMID 41709501Full record

ArticleObesity (Silver Spring, Md.)2026

Hunger on the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire Is Associated With Increased Ad Libitum Energy Intake in Different Conditions.

Hannah T Fry, Marci E Gluck, Tomas Cábeza de Baca, Emma J Stinson, Yigit Unlu, Paolo Piaggi, Jonathon Krakoff, Douglas C Chang

Registry-linked trialAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02939404 (Energy Intake Response to Short-Term Alterations of Energy Expenditure in Humans), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT02939404 nacompletednot on this map

Energy Intake Response to Short-Term Alterations of Energy Expenditure in Humans

TypeinterventionalSponsorNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)Ran2017 to 2024Enrolled54ConditionsHealthy VolunteersArmsCold exposure, Normal temperature, Fixed diet, Ad libitum diet, Fasting
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Hannah T FryObesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6871-8360
Marci E GluckObesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Tomas Cábeza de BacaObesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Emma J StinsonObesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Yigit UnluObesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Paolo PiaggiObesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Jonathon KrakoffObesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Douglas C ChangObesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.

Funding

Regulators of Food IntakeZIADK069091 · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DIABETES AND DIGESTIVE AND KIDNEY DISEASES · 2025 to 2025
$2.9M
Intramural NIH HHS ZIA DK069091NIDDK NIH HHS DK069091-12
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveThis study aimed to assess how food-related behavioral traits, examined with the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), influence ad libitum intake after fasting and during and after cold exposure compared to thermoneutral conditions, beyond what is explained by energy expenditure alone.

methodsHealthy participants (n = 46; 30 males; age 36.9 ± 10.5 years; BMI 32.3 ± 8.7 kg/m

resultsTotal hunger score predicted intake across all five conditions (β = 0.58 MJ/day, p = 0.02). Internal and external subscales also predicted intake in separate models (β = 1.04 MJ/day, p = 0.02; β = 1.46 MJ/day, p = 0.01). Participants ate more during the cold condition than during thermoneutrality (mean = 1.69 MJ/day, or 404 kcal/day, p = 0.009). Higher external hunger scores correlated with greater intake (partial r = 0.38; p = 0.01), but internal hunger scores did not (partial r = 0.22, p = 0.16), after accounting for sex, race, fat mass, and fat-free mass. Restraint, disinhibition, and PSS were not associated with intake.

conclusionsIncreased susceptibility to hunger cues, particularly external cues, was associated with higher food intake during cold stress. These findings suggest that behavioral approaches, such as reducing responsivity to food cues, are important targets for weight loss interventions.

trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02939404.

Indexed as

EatingEnergy IntakeFeeding BehaviorHungerAbsorptiometry, PhotonAdultCold TemperatureEnergy MetabolismFastingFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedSubjective StressSurveys and Questionnairescoldeating behaviorsenergy intakehunger

Identifiers

PMID41709501
PMCPMC12922491

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.