Evidence mapPaperPMID 41709756Full record

ArticleJournal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.)2026

Trends in Hypertension Prevalence and Control in the United States Over 25 Years.

Omar Saleh, Neda Rehan, Saleh Mostafa, Rehan Qayyum

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Omar SalehDepartment of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Neda RehanDepartment of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Saleh MostafaDepartment of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Rehan QayyumDepartment of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Despite sustained public health efforts, hypertension remains highly prevalent in the United States, with persistent disparities across demographic and socioeconomic groups. We examined 25-year trends in hypertension prevalence, undiagnosed hypertension, and on-treatment uncontrolled hypertension in the United States using nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from adults aged ≥18 years. Hypertension was defined as systolic BP ≥130 mmHg, diastolic BP ≥80 mmHg, or current antihypertensive use. Undiagnosed hypertension was defined as elevated BP without prior diagnosis or treatment, while on-treatment uncontrolled hypertension was defined as diagnosed hypertension with BP ≥130/80 mmHg despite treatment. Survey-weighted generalized linear models were used to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs), accounting for age, sex, race and ethnicity, family income-to-poverty threshold ratio, and study period, with interaction terms to assess differential temporal trends. Among 61,847 participants (51.7% women; 21.0% Black; 25.1% Hispanic; 23.2% aged >65 years), adjusted hypertension prevalence was 44.3% (95% CI: 43.6-44.9) and remained stable over time (p for trend = 0.50). Relative to >65 years adults, hypertension prevalence increased significantly over time among the younger groups. Compared to White adults, Black adults had higher hypertension prevalence (52.7% vs 44.7%; p < 0.001), and Hispanic adults experienced a greater increase in prevalence over time. Among individuals with hypertension, undiagnosed hypertension declined from 46.4% to 41.5%, and on-treatment uncontrolled hypertension declined from 74.7% to 63.9% (both p < 0.001). Despite improvements in diagnosis and treatment control, hypertension prevalence remains high, with persistent sociodemographic disparities highlighting the need for targeted and equity-focused interventions.

Indexed as

Antihypertensive AgentsHypertensionAdultAgedBlood PressureFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedNutrition SurveysPrevalenceUnited StatesAntihypertensive Agentsepidemiologyhealthhealth disparitieshypertensionNHANESprevalence ratio

Identifiers

PMID41709756
PMCPMC12917424

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.