ArticleScientific reports2026
Altered NGF and GDNF levels reveal neuroimmune dysregulation in COVID-19 patients.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Maternal Endocrine and Vascular Perturbations Reprogram the Transcriptomic and Secretory Profile of Perinatal Stem Cells: A Comparative Study of Umbilical Cord-Derived Stem Cell UC-MSCs and Human Milk-Derived Stem Cell MM-MSCs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Plasticity, injury-induced reprogramming, and translational applications of Schwann cells in neural regeneration.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Neurotrophins such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are crucial for neuronal maintenance and immune regulation. However, their dynamics during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remain unclear. In this prospective study, 30 hospitalized patients with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 were evaluated longitudinally. Serum NGF, GDNF, and conventional inflammatory markers (CRP, ESR, fibrinogen, ferritin, D-dimer, LDH, hematological counts) were measured on Day 1, Day 4, and at discharge. A control group of 37 healthy individuals was included for cross-sectional comparison. Both NGF and GDNF levels were significantly lower in COVID-19 patients at admission compared with healthy individuals. NGF showed a modest early decline from Day 1 to Day 4, followed by partial recovery at discharge, whereas GDNF remained stable throughout hospitalization. Inflammatory markers demonstrated expected clinical trajectories: CRP, ESR, LDH, and fibrinogen decreased during recovery, while WBC, neutrophils, and platelets increased. Ferritin and D-dimer showed no meaningful temporal changes. NGF appears to reflect acute neuroimmune activation in COVID-19 and may serve as a dynamic biomarker of early inflammatory resolution. Conversely, GDNF remained persistently suppressed, suggesting a distinct role in chronic neuroimmune regulation. These findings highlight NGF and GDNF as potential targets for monitoring and modulating neuroimmune responses in COVID-19 and other inflammation-driven conditions.
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