Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41720346›Full record

ArticleVirologica Sinica2026

Phloretin targeting the 3CLpro Cys144 exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral activity against swine enteric coronavirus.

Jiawei Xiao, Donghua Guo, Xiaoxu Xing, Limin Jiang, Shanshan Qi, Jun Wang, Wenfei Bai, Shiping Yu, Fanbo Shen, Xingyang Guo and 10 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Virologica Sinica, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

20 authors.

Jiawei XiaoCollege of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China.
Donghua GuoCollege of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
Xiaoxu XingCollege of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
Limin JiangCollege of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
Shanshan QiCollege of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
Jun WangCollege of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
Wenfei BaiCollege of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
Shiping YuCollege of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
Fanbo ShenCollege of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
Xingyang GuoCollege of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
Xinglin WangCollege of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
Wei ZhouCollege of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
Hansong LiCollege of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
Feiyu ZhaoCollege of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
Li FengState Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China.
Jialin ZhangFred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
Yaru XuCollege of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
Dan YangCollege of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
Haixin LiuCollege of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China. Electronic address: liuhaixin0723@163.com.
Dongbo SunCollege of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China. Electronic address: dongbosun@126.com.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Swine enteric coronaviruses (SECoVs) cause severe watery diarrhea and high mortality in piglets, resulting in significant economic losses to the global pig industry. However, frequent mutations in SECoVs significantly compromise vaccine-induced immunity and limit cross-protection against emerging variants. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new broad-spectrum antiviral drugs to be the last line of defense to supplement vaccine immunity. In this study, we utilized molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations to identify phloretin as a broad-spectrum SECoV inhibitor. Phloretin has demonstrated prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in vitro and in vivo, improving the survival of SECoV-infected piglets. It was further found that phloretin exerts a broad-spectrum antiviral effect by acting on the conserved 3CLpro Cys144 site of three SECoVs. It is worth noting that derivative A12, designed on the basis of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) between phloretin and 3CLpro, showed a 15.7, 2.6, and 8.4-fold increase in antiviral effect against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV), respectively. This study reveals a 3CLpro Cys144 targeting broad-spectrum strategy for use against SECoVs, providing a candidate drug to bridge the vaccine immunity gap.

Indexed as

Antiviral AgentsCoronavirusCoronavirus InfectionsCysteine EndopeptidasesPhloretinViral Proteins3C Viral ProteasesAnimalsDeltacoronavirusMolecular Docking SimulationMolecular Dynamics SimulationPorcine epidemic diarrhea virusStructure-Activity RelationshipSwineSwine DiseasesTransmissible gastroenteritis virus3C Viral ProteasesAntiviral AgentsCysteine EndopeptidasesPhloretinViral Proteins3C-like proteaseBroad-spectrum antiviralPhloretinStructural modificationSwine enteric coronaviruses

Identifiers

PMID41720346
PMCPMC13023220

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.