Evidence mapPaperPMID 41721160Full record

ReviewCurrent obesity reports2026

Obesity in Type 1 Diabetes: Moving Beyond the "Lean" Disease Paradigm to Understand Risk, Complications, and Treatment.

Anastasios Tentolouris, Theocharis Koufakis, Evangelos Fousteris

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Current obesity reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Anastasios TentolourisFirst Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine and Diabetes Center, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 17 Agiou Thoma Street, Athens, 11527, Greece. antentol@med.uoa.gr.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5897-472X
Theocharis KoufakisSecond Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54642, Greece.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5853-1352
Evangelos FousterisMediterranean Diabetes and Obesity Clinics, Athens, 17561, Greece.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0001-0505-0395

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purpose of reviewOverweight and obesity are increasingly common in people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the epidemiology and mechanisms linking excess adiposity with T1DM, the obesity-associated burden of complications, and approaches to obesity management in this population. RECENT

findingsExcess adiposity is now frequent in people with T1DM, approaching general-population prevalence, and obesity may also increase the risk of incident T1DM. In T1DM, weight gain reflects intersecting drivers, including intensive insulin therapy, hypoglycemia-related compensatory intake and activity avoidance, obesity-related insulin resistance, and overlapping genetic/hormonal determinants. Across multiple cohorts, higher adiposity is associated with poorer glycemic control and increased risk of cardiovascular events and mortality, as well as higher risks of retinopathy, diabetic kidney disease, and neuropathy. Evidence to guide treatment in T1DM remains limited. Lifestyle approaches require individualization to minimize hypoglycemia and ketosis. RCTs of adjunct liraglutide demonstrate weight loss and insulin-sparing effects but signal dose-dependent risks of hypoglycemia and ketosis. Early RCTs with semaglutide and tirzepatide suggest substantial weight loss and improved glycemic metrics in selected settings, with vigilance for ketosis. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors have shown modest HbA1c reductions with small but clinically meaningful weight loss in T1DM; however, they are associated with an increased risk of diabetic ketoacidosis. Bariatric surgery yields large weight loss but only modest glycemic benefit and carries risk of metabolic instability. Obesity is a common, clinically important comorbidity in T1DM, linked to poorer glycemic outcomes and complications. Longer-term, T1DM-specific RCTs are needed to guide weight management and define the benefit-risk of emerging therapies.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1ObesityDiabesityHumansHypoglycemic AgentsRisk FactorsSemaglutideWeight LossHypoglycemic AgentsSemaglutideCardiovascular complicationsMicrovascular complicationsObesityObesity managementType 1 diabetes mellitusWeight management

Identifiers

PMID41721160
PMCPMC12923423

What Socratic holds

Texttitle and abstract
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.