ArticleAdvanced healthcare materials2026
Plant-Produced Viral Nanoparticles Decorated with Nanobodies Against HER2 Improve Retention and Recruitment of Immune Cells in Solid Tumors.
Article in Advanced healthcare materials, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Potato virus X (PVX), a filamentous, positive-sense RNA plant virus, has been engineered into a molecular tool for diverse biotechnological applications, including cancer cell targeting. Here, we present the production and functional characterization of genetically-encoded PVX-derived nanoparticles decorated with nanobodies targeting two common receptors in human cancer cells, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2). We first generated a series of PVX-derived nanoparticles displaying distinct nanobodies against EGFR and HER2 in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Self-assembly and structural integrity of the recombinant nanoparticles were confirmed by immunogold electron microscopy. We next characterized in vitro the cancer-cell binding capacity of the different recombinant viral nanoparticles (VNPs) by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Select VNPs were further assayed in a pilot in vivo study using tumor-bearing mice. Preliminary results showed that nanobody decoration can increase retention time and myeloid cell recruitment in the tumor microenvironment in HER2+ mouse tumor models in vivo. Nanobody-displaying PVX-derived nanoparticles may constitute a new plant-produced biotechnological product for cancer immunotherapy.
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